£ihv<xvy  of  t^e  t:heolo0icd  ^tmimry 

PRINCETON  •  NEW  JERSEY 


•i^t- 


PRESENTED  BY 


The  Estate  of 
Philip  H.  Wpddell  Smith 

,M84 


STUDIES 


OLD  TESTAMENT. 


A    YEAR'S    COURSE    OP    TWENTY-FIVE     LESSONS,    PROVID- 

ING  A  DAILY    SCHEME    FOR  PERSONAL   STUDY. 

ADAPTED   ALSO   TO   CLASS-WORK. 


BY 

CHAKLES  HERBERT  MORGAN, 
THOMAS  EDDY  TAYLOR. 


CINCINNATI:  JENNINGS  AND  GRAHAM. 
NEW  YORK:  EATON  AND  MAINS. 


OOPTBI&HT,     1905,     BY 
JENKINGS  &  GRAHAM. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  past  hundred  years  have  made  a  nobler,  richer  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  of  the  Old  Testament  than 
the  five  centuries  that  immediately  preceded.  In  that  wonder- 
ful single  century,  the  Orient,  in  which  the  Old  Testament  was 
originally  written,  has  been  subjected  to  an  investigation  of  its 
buried  cities,  its  long-lost  languages,  its  varied  literatures,  its 
religions,  its  modern  peoples  with  their  tongues  and  faiths  and 
customs  and  history,  so  rigorous,  so  patient,  so  scientific,  that 
all  the  past  history  of  human  research  has  not  its  counterpart. 
The  information  thus  assembled  is  in  mass  so  gi-eat  and  in  form 
so  complex  that  decades  must  pass  before  it  is  all  organized  so 
that  convincing  generalizations  may  be  made  from  it.  That 
colossal  task  is  in  progress  in  many  places,  and  in  the  hands  of 
men  whose  special  training  matches  their  opportunity.  Mean- 
while, this  accumulation  of  knowledge  of  the  Orient  has 
afforded  myriads  of  contributions  to  our  understanding  of  the 
Old  Testament  in  matters  both  small  and  great.  Thousands  of 
separate  passages,  scattered  through  the  thirty-nine  books, 
have  found  a  resolution  of  their  diflSculties ;  entire  books  that 
had  long  lain  almost  neglected  have  been  restored  to  the  inter- 
est of  men,  and  large  numbers  of  youth  of  high  endowments 
who,  at  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century  would  have 
passed  into  the  study  of  the  great  physical  sciences,  are  now 
attracted  to  the  pursuit  of  Old  Testament  criticism  or  exegesis, 
or  history  or  archaeology.  They  who  have  lived  in  the  center 
of  this  vast  and  moving  sea  of  organized  effort  during  the  most 
recent  decenniums  may  well  give  thanks  that  it  has  been  their 
high  privilege  to  see,  in  the  making,  the  splendid  results  of  Old 
Testament  literary  and  historical  and  textual  criticism,  of  lexi- 
cography and  geography  and  archaeology.  But  they  well  know 
that  greater  results  are  to  follow ;  that  newer  methods,  now  in 
their  first  testing,  are  yet  to  produce  their  results,  and  that  the 
sifting  of  the  accumulations  will  yield  a  harvest  greater  than 
their  ingathering. 

To  all  these  new  methods  and  their  results  there  has  not 
yet  arisen  a  popular  instruction  in  any  way  corresponding  to 

3 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


their  interest  or  importance.  The  people  are  hungry  enough 
to  know  more  of  their  Scriptures,  and  to  every  effort  to  present 
any  part  of  the  new  knowledge  with  enthusiasm  and  skill  they 
rise  with  an  eagerness  almost  pathetic.  The  Church  must 
arouse  itself  to  a  glorious  opportunity  ;  its  ministry  and  its  lay 
teachers  must  learn  the  newer  discoveries  and  again  present  a 
living  Old  Testament  in  a  fresh  and  vigorous  way.  It  has  in  its 
care  an  Old  Testament  not  diminished  but  increased  in  glory ; 
a  series  of  books  not  less  but  more  obviously  inspired  of 
Almighty  God ;  a  revelation  of  the  Holy  Spirit's  dealing  with 
the  race  not  less  but  more  worthy  of  a  conquering  faith. 

To  help  onward  this  great  purpose  is  this  book  written. 
I  have  read  it  in  manuscript,  and  am  happy  to  commend  it.  I 
know  with  what  conscientious  and  scrupulous  care  every  line 
of  it  was  beaten  out.  I  should  have  said  more  than  it  says  here 
and  there,  but  it  has  the  right  ring,  and,  as  I  firmly  believe, 
the  seeds  of  a  propagating  life  are  in  it.  If  young  men  and 
women  will  only  read  it,  work  it  out  in  their  own  thinking  life, 
and  teach  it  one  to  another  with  a  contagious  enthusiasm,  we 
shall  have  to-mon*ow  a  new  generation  of  young  people  more 
fit  to  teach  in  our  Sunday  schools  the  Word  of  God,  the  living 
Lord  Jesus,  and  the  apostolic  witness  to  Him, — for  to  these 
latter  ends  the  Old  Testament  must  ever  remain  indispensable. 
Yea,  we  shall  also  have  a  company  of  young  men  better  fitted 
to  begin  a  larger  preparation  for  the  ministry  of  the  glorious 
gospel  of  the  Son  of  God. 

Robert  W.  Eogers. 
Drew  Theological  Seminary, 

August  S,  1905. 


OPENING  SUGGESTIONS. 


The  present  text-book  is  planned  to  cover  the  Old  Plan- 
Testament  in  a  year's  course  of  Studies.  The  treatment 
in  all  parts  must  therefore  be  brief,  but  it  is  intended 
to  be  systematic,  and,  for  the  limits  assigned,  to  give  an 
orderly,  comprehensive  survey  of  the  entire  material. 
Large  portions  will  be  presented  in  summaries  or  outlines, 
but  the  readers  or  students  will  find  themselves  in  con- 
stant touch  with  the  Bible  itself  in  the  passages  which 
are  selected  for  daily  reading.  These  embrace  some  of 
the  most  noble,  attractive,  and  helpful  portions  of  the 
Old  Testament  writings. 

Yet  no  one  should  suppose  that  the  lessons  are  simply  Narratives. 
outlines.  After  the  passage  of  Scripture  set  to  be  read 
the  First  Day,  the  same  as  for  the  other  days,  the  Nar- 
rative, or  story,  for  each  lesson  is  given.  Into  these 
twenty-five  Narratives,  each  consisting  of  from  eight 
hundred  to  a  thousand  words,  are  packed  accounts  of  the 
several  portions  into  which  the  Hebrew  Bible  divides  the 
Old  Testament,  and  the  condensed  knowledge  about  each 
separate  book,  and  all  the  main  events,  characters,  and 
features  of  Old  Testament  life.  Whoever  reads  these 
Narratives  will  have  a  clear  understanding  and  a  fresh 
grasp  of  the  entire  Old  Testament. 

It  will  be  found  that  the  main  idea  upon  which  the  ^er  "«•- 
successive  Parts  and  Studies  are  formed  is  that  of  the 
historical  development  and  the  biography  of  the  leading 
characters.  Yet,  at  the  same  time,  the  familiar  arrange- 
ment of  the  Old  Testament  books  can  be  closely  followed, 
and  the  great  divisions  of  the  Hebrew  literature  clearly 
indicated. 

5 


6  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Purpose.  It  is  commonly  understood  that  this  field  is  filled  with 
critical  problems,  but  the  very  scope  and  aim  of  these 
Studies  preclude  and  make  unnecessary  the  attempt  to  solve 
these  difficulties.  The  course  is  meant  to  serve  the  needs 
of  the  busy  common  people.  It  aims  to  be  brief,  simple, 
practical,  and  constructive,  and  so  to  present  the  life  of 
this  part  of  the  Bible  that  it  may  kindle  and  nourish  the 
spiritual  life  of  the  young  people  of  to-day. 

Search  for  The  standard  reference  books  for  the  course  have 
Literature,  been  Selected  with  the  utmost  care,  and  in  the  light  de- 
rived from  submitting  a  much  larger  list  to  the  judgment 
of  nearly  a  score  of  the  most  competent  Biblical  teachers 
and  workers  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  many  of  whom 
are  themselves  authors  of  important  books  relating  to  the 
Scriptures. 

Questions  If  even  some  of  these  reference  books  are  not  followed 
"  in  parts  of  the  course,  it  is  because  the  authors  of  the 
text-book  regard  the  questions  involved  as  still  open  to 
revision  by  fresh  facts  and  proofs  which  may  arise  from 
archaeology  and  other  sources.  The  imposing  construc- 
tions of  a  generation  ago  in  the  New  Testament,  which 
attempted  to  place  nearly  all  its  books  in  the  second 
century,  have  yielded  largely  to  the  logic  of  facts,  and 
the  dates  of  those  writings  have  swung  back  to  the  gen- 
eral period  originally  held.  A  similar  change  is  possible 
with  respect  to  the  late  date  now  given  to  some  of  the 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.  While  no  effort  is  here 
made  fully  and  finally  to  determine  matters  which  are 
still  in  debate,  extremes  are  sought  to  be  avoided  on 
either  side. 
Light  At  the  same  time  the  best  light  available  from  every 
eicomed.  g^^p^g  jg  "v^elcomed,  and  the  presence,  in  the  list  of  ref- 
erence books,  of  several  volumes  that  treat  the  Old  Tes- 
tament history  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  current 
literary  analysis,  will  be  clearly  understood.  They  appear 
to  be  among  the  best  surveys  of  Hebrew  history  of  recent 


Opening  Suggestions. 


date,  and  with  them  are  placed  carefully  selected  books, 
some  of  them  older  and  some  recent,  that  present  the 
other  side  in  some  of  the  debatable  areas. 

It  is  intended  that  these  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament  Equipment. 
shall  be  complete  in  themselves,  requiring  little  or  no  out- 
side help.  In  fact  the  only  book  strictly  needed  for  the 
course,  beyond  the  text-book,  is  a  copy  of  the  Bible,  pref- 
erably the  American  Eevised  Version.  This  can  be  ob- 
tained, entire  Bible,  minion,  24mo.,  without  references, 
prepaid,  35  cents;  8vo.,  with  references,  prepaid,  $1; 
Teacher's  Bible,  bourgeois,  8vo.,  Egyptian  seal,  divinity 
circuit,  red-under-gold  edges  (No.  2173),  prepaid,  $3.20, 
and  in  other  bindings  at  higher  prices.  This  last  has 
Bible  dictionary,  concordance,  illustrations,  and  maps, 
and  is  especially  recommended  to  leaders  of  classes. 
One  or  more  good  reference  books  will  greatly  assist  both 
leaders  and  students. 

(Except  the  Hastings  Bible  Dictionary  and  the  Bible  Encyclo- 
psBdla  (which  can  be  obtained  only  from  the  publishers),  all  books  re- 
ferred to  In  this  volume  can  be  had  of  Jennings  and  Graham,  Olncin- 
natl:  Chicago,  Kansas  City,  San  Francisco;  or,  Eaton  and  Mains:  New 
York,  Boston.  Pittsburg,  Detroit.) 

Among  these  are  the  following,  which   compose  theOenenu 
list  of  books  throughout  the  Studies,  for  standard  and '****'*°*^* 
general  reference;  and  which  will  be  referred  to  by  the 
name  or  abbreviation  that  is  placed  first. 

BlaiMe.  A  Manual  of  Bible  History.  It  will  be  noted 
that  381  out  of  the  495  body  pages  of  this  admirable 
treatise  are  given  to  the  Old  Testament,  thirty  pages  to  the 
interval  between  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New,  and 
eighty-four  to  the  New  Testament.  This  concise  and  well- 
ordered  survey  embraces,  therefore,  the  whole  range  of 
the  Bible-study  courses;  written  by  a  profound  scholar, 
largely  before  the  critical  problems  arose,  and  revised  and 
enlarged  by  him  before  his  death.  Newly  issued,  with  a 
dozen  fresh  maps.  Price,  $1.50. 

Ottley.    A  Short  History  of  the  Hebrews  to  the  Roman 


8  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Period.  Valuable  for  its  clear  arrangement,  extent  of 
time  covered,  excellence  of  its  maps  and  chronological 
tables,  and  generally  reverent  spirit,  while  accepting  the 
critical  positions.  Price,  $1.25  net. 

Barnicott.  A  Primer  of  Old  Testament  History. 
Temple  Series  of  Bible  Handbooks,  Consists  of  a  brief 
and  well-composed  narration  of  the  entire  course  of  Old 
Testament  history,  following  closely  the  Bible  itself.  It 
is  much  to  be  regretted  that  it  does  not  embody  the  dates, 
at  least  provisionally,  of  all  the  main  events.  But  few  are 
given,  except  those  covering  the  reigns  of  the  kings  of 
Judah  and  Israel.  Price,  30  cents  net. 

Beardslee.  Outlines  of  an  Introduction  to  the  Old 
Testament.  A  fresh,  popular  survey  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment material,  brief,  lucid,  and  conservative.  While 
broad  in  its  examinations  of  and  reference  to  critical  lit- 
erature, it  holds  that  the  proposed  reconstructions  are,  for 
the  most  part,  not  proved.  Price,  $1.20  net. 

Burney.  Outlines  of  Old  Testament  Theology.  Ox- 
ford Church  Text-books.  This  compact  little  treatise, 
while  throughout  based  upon  the  critical  positions,  is  very 
suggestive  in  the  order  and  breadth  of  its  key  ideas. 

Price,  30  cents  net. 

Matheson  (I)  and  (II).  Eepresentative  Men  of  the 
Bible.  It  is  delightful  to  place  in  the  midst  of  the  stand- 
ard reference  books  these  two  volumes  of  graphic  esti- 
mates of  Old  Testament  characters,  composed  of  the  charm- 
ing insights  and  soulful  prayers  of  the' sightless  preacher 
of  Edinburgh.  Coming  after  three  books  of  history  and 
one  each  of  introduction  and  theology,  they  form  an  in- 
terlude, before  the  books  relating  to  special  problems, 
single  lives,  and  separate  phases  of  the  Old  Testament 
are  presented.  Price,  $1.75  per  vol. 

But,  beside  Matheson's  treatment  of  the  men,  may 
first  appear  two  books  briefly  presenting  the  women  of  the 
Bible. 


Opening  Suggestions. 


W.  B.  Women  of  the  Bible,  Eebekah  to  Priscilla.  By 
H,  Elvet  Lewis,  W.  F.  Adeney,  George  Milligan,  and 
others.  Price,  $1. 

Brown.    Nameless  Women  of  the  Bible. 

Price,  75  cents. 

Price.  The  Monuments  and  the  Old  Testament.  An 
able  portrayal  of  the  progress  and  results  of  Oriental  re- 
search as  bearing  on  the  Old  Testament  field. 

Price,  $1.50. 

The  following  are  for  special  phases,  and  separate 
books  and  lives: 

Davis.  Genesis  and  Semitic  Tradition.  The  author 
illumines  the  early  narratives  of  Genesis  by  comparing 
the  Biblical  accounts  with  the  traditions  of  other  Semitic 
people,  and  showing  how  far  the  former  are  superior. 

Price,  $1.50. 

8coU.  Abraham.  Bible-class  Primers.  The  first 
mentioned  in  a  list  of  compact,  scholarly  booklets,  which 
can  be  consulted  with  much  profit  by  the  reader  or  student 
wishing  more  full  information  on  a  character  or  period. 

Price,  20  cents  net. 

Sayce  (J.  and  L.  E.).  Joseph  and  the  Land  of  Egypt. 
Temple  Series  of  Bible  Handbooks.  Price,  30  cents  net. 
Several  of  these  fresh  and  attractive  little  volumes  are 
strongly  commended.  In  many  respects  this  one  is  a  model 
of  the  way  in  which  all  the  new  light  coming  from  inves- 
tigation can  be  used  to  impart  a  vivid  realism  to  the  sim- 
ple Biblical  story. 

Iverach.    Moses.    Bible-class  Primers. 

Price,  20  cents  net. 

Bennett.    Joshua  and  the  Palestinian  Conquest. 

Temple  Series  of  Bible  Handbooks. 

Price,  30  cents  net. 

Paterson.  The  Period  of  the  Judges.  Bible-class 
Primers.  Price,  20  cents  net. 

Salmond.    Eli,  Samuel,  and  Saul.         Same  as  above. 


lo  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Striker.  Saul  and  the  Eise  of  the  Hebrew  Monarchy. 
Temple  Series  of  Bible  Handbooks.     Price,  30  cents  net. 

Knox-Little.    David,  the  Hero  King  of  Israel. 

Same  as  above. 

Winterbotham.  Life  and  Eeign  of  Solomon.  Bible- 
class  Primers.  Price,  20  cents  net. 

Walker.     The  Kings  of  Israel.  Same  as  above. 

Given.     The  Kings  of  Judah.  Same  as  above. 

Davidson  {E.  and  R.).  The  Exile  and  the  Restora- 
tion. A  brilliant  and  able  book,  perhaps  the  best  in  the 
entire  series  to  which  it  belongs.  Same  as  above. 

Skinner.  Historical  Connection  Between  the  Old  and 
the  New  Testaments.  Same  as  above. 

Davison  (Psa.).  The  Praises  of  Israel.   (The  Psalms.) 

Davison  (Wis.  Lit.).  The  Wisdom  Literature  of  the 
Old  Testament. 

These  two  volumes  by  a  progressive,  living  thinker 
make  clear  what  such  a  teacher  and  leader  can  do  to  sim- 
plify and  open  Bible  treasures  to  the  people. 

Price,  $1  each. 

Ottley  (H.  P.).  The  Hebrew  Prophets.  Oxford 
Church  Text-books. 

This  little  volume  shows  the  author's  power  to  grasp 
a  large  theme,  and  to  compress  the  fruits  of  a  wonderful 
era  into  small  compass.  Price,  30  cents  net. 

Kirkpatrick.  The  Doctrine  of  the  Prophets.  A  noble 
product  of  ripe  scholarship,  presenting  in  this  wide  field 
the  findings  of  one  who  believes,  to  use  his  own  words, 
that  the  prophets  "were  in  very  truth  what  they  claimed 
to  be,  the  inspired  messengers  of  God."  Price,  $1.75. 

Maclniyre.     Elijah  and  Elisha.     Bible-class  Primers. 

Price,  20  cents  net. 

Driver  (Isa.).    Isaiah.    Men  of  the  Bible  Series. 

Price,  75  cents. 

Bobson.    Jeremiah  the  Prophet.     Bible-class  Primers. 

Price,  20  cents  net. 


Opening  Suggestions.  ii 

Harvey-J ellie.    Ezekiel:  His  Life  and  Mission. 

Same  as  above. 

Dearie.  Daniel  and  the  Age  of  the  Exile.  Men  of  the 
Bible  Series.  Price,  75  cents. 

Adams.     The  Minor  Prophets.     Bible-class   Primers. 

Price,  20  cents  net. 

A  further  or  secondary  list,  to  which  some  reference  secondary 
is  made,  is  composed  chiefly  of  the  following  works,  though  Re'erence*. 
still  others  are  frequently  named  in  footnotes  or  elsewhere : 

N.  C.  B.  The  New  Century  Bible.  General  Editor, 
W.  F.  Adeney.  Price,  per  volume,  75  cents. 

Dods.    Genesis.    The  Expositor's  Bible.     Price,  $1.50. 

Driver  (Gen.).    Genesis.    Westminster  Commentaries. 

Price,  $4. 

Murison  {Eg.)  History  of  Egypt.  Bible-class 
Primers,  Price,  20  cents  net. 

Sayce  (Mon.  Facts).  Monument  Facts  and  Higher 
Critical  Fancies.  Price,  75  cents. 

Rogers.  A  History  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria.  Two 
volumes.  Price,  $5  per  set. 

Murison  (B.  and  A.).  History  of  Babylonia  and 
Assyria.     Bible-class  Primers.  Price,  20  cents  net. 

Johns.  The  Oldest  Code  of  Laws  in  the  World:  The 
Code  of  Laws  Promulgated  by  Hammurabi,  King  of  Baby- 
lon. Price,  75  cents  net. 

Davies.     The  Codes  of  Hammurabi  and  Moses. 

Price,  75  cents  net. 

Robertson.     The  Poetry  and  Eeligion  of  the  Psalms. 

Price,  $3.50. 

Kent.     The  Wise  Men  of  Israel.  Price,  $1.25. 

Davidson  (Job).  The  Book  of  Job.  The  Cambridge 
Bible  for  Schools.  Perhaps  still  the  best  commentary  on 
Job  that  exists.  Price,  $1.25  net. 

Cohern.     Ezekiel  and  Daniel.  Price,  $2. 

Hist.  Geo.  H.  L.,  or  Smith.  The  Historical  Geog- 
raphy of  the  Holy  Land.  George  Adam  Smith.  A  most 
inspiring  book;  by  far  the  best  in  its  class.     Price,  $4.50. 


12  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Stewart    The  Land  of  Israel.  Price,  $1.50. 

Calkin.    Historical  Geography  of  Bible  Lands. 

Price,  $1  net. 

MacCoun.  The  Holy  Land  in  Geography  and  His- 
tory.   Two  volumes.  Price,'  $2. 

Eurlbut.  Bible  Atlas:  A  Manual  of  Biblical  Geog- 
raphy and  History.  Price,  $1.50  net. 

Bib.  Diet  Any  good  Bible  dictionary.  That  by  J.  D. 
Davis  is  useful  for  one  of  moderate  cost,  and  presents 
a  conservative  position  in  respect  of  every  question. 

Price,  $2  net. 

East.  Bib.  Diet.  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  edited  by 
James  Hastings.  In  general  it  embodies  a  high  standard 
of  reverent  scholarship,  and  represents  a  moderate,  med- 
iating position.  Four  regular  volumes  and  extra  volume. 
Charles  Scribner's  Sons.     Sold  only  by  subscription. 

Bib.  Eney.  The  Bible  Encyclopaedia  and  Scriptural 
Dictionary,  edited  by  Bishop  Samuel  Fallows.  Three  vol- 
umes. The  Howard-Severance  Company.  Sold  only  by 
subscription. 

A.  v.,  Authorized  Version;  E.  V.,  Revised  Version; 
Am.  v.,  American  Revised  Version.      (The  last  is  used 
regularly  for  Scripture  quotations  in  the  text-book.) 
Reference        Carefully  selected  reference  library  lists,  made  up  from 

*  the  above  list  of  books,  with  price  for  each  set,  will  be 
sent  on  application  by  the  Bureau  of  Bible  Study,  57 
Washington  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

Sketch  Maps        As  the  chronological  and  map  features  of  the  Old  Tes- 

*  tament  are  much  more  varied  than  those  of  the  New 
Testament,  the  three  colored  maps  and  chronological  table 
in  the  text-book  are  supplemented  by  a  number  of  sketch 
maps  and  charts,  the  whole  affording  a  basis  for  many 
interesting  individual  and  class  exercises.  It  is  strongly 
recommended  that  the  suggestions  for  map  work  be  car- 
ried out  in  notebook  and  class  work  as  far  as  possible. 


Opening  Suggestions.  13 

Taking  even  the  simple  lessons  of  the  text-book  as  a  oid  Testament 
background,  and  consulting  with  care  one  or  more  of  the  ^'^*^^*'^' 
reference  books,  any  student  would  gain  most  valuable 
results  by  writing  a  biography  of  some  of  the  more  im- 
portant Old  Testament  characters,  or  a  story  of  one  or 
more  of  the  epochs  of  the  history,  and  illustrating  the  same 
with  maps,  charts,  and  pictures.  Joseph  and  the  Land  of 
Egypt,  Moses,  Joshua  and  the  Conquest,  Samuel,  David, 
Daniel  and  the  Exile,  Nehemiah  and  the  Eestoration,  the 
Hebrew  Prophets,  afford  a  list  from  which  a  selection 
can  be  made. 

If  any  wish  to  arrange  Scripture  material  in  their  note-  scripture 
books,  the  passages  for  the  daily  readings  for  the  course  ^"^'"'^*'^* 
may  be  clipped  from  a  thirty-five-cent  copy  of  the  American 
Revised  Version,  using  the  titles  of  the  Parts  and  Studies 
and  the  several  days  for  each  lesson  as  the  framework. 

In  submitting  the  results  of  that  which  has  been  an  Acknowiadg- 
arduous,  but  delightful,  task,  we  desire  especially  to  ac-"*°** 
knowledge  our  obligations  for  the  encouragement 
and  counsel  from  the  beginning  given  in  such 
fraternal  fashion  by  Professor  R.  W.  Rogers,  of 
Drew  Theological  Seminary;  for  the  reading  of 
the  work  in  manuscript  and  valuable  suggestions  by 
Professor  F.  C.  Eiselen,  of  Garrett  Biblical  Institute;  for 
the  preparation  of  the  postlude  at  the  end  of  the  Narra- 
tive in  each  Study  by  Dr.  W.  F.  Anderson,  Corresponding 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education  and  President  of  the 
Spiritual  Culture  Society;  and  for  the  most  considerate 
response  of  professors  and  ministers  in  the  Presbyterian, 
Baptist,  and  Congregational  Churches,  as  an  estimate  was 
sought  of  the  best  reference  literature  for  the  course. 


LIST  OF  MAPS  AND  CHAETS. 


a. 


COLORED  MAPS. 


Map  1.    The  Twelve  Tribes,         ...        Frontispiece.  Page 

Map  2.    JouKNETiNGS  OF  ISRAKii, facing  4 

Map  8.    AssTBiAN  and  Babtlonian  Captivities,       -       "  14 

h.     PHYSICAL  SKETCH  MAP. 

Map  L.    Centkai,  Bible  Lands, 18 

c.     SKETCH  MAPS. 

Map   4.    Stellar  Universe,              27 

Map    5.    Plain  and  Garden  of  Eden,      -----  35 

Map   6.    Early  Nations  and  Peoples, 42 

Map    7.    From  Babtlonia  to  Egypt, 49 

Map   8.   Field  01  'I'he  Exodus, 62 

Map    9.    Plain  ob"  Bsdeaelon  and  Northward,         -       -  77 

Map  10.   Central  Palestine,  Samuel  to  David,     -       -       -  84 

Map  11.    Philistines,  Samson,  David,  Saul,         ...  90 

Map  12.   Kingdom  of  David  and  Solomon,         ....  97 

Map  13.    Early  Jerusalem,           104 

Map  14.    After  Time  of  Solomon,           Ill 

Map  15.    Persian  and  Greek  Periods, 133 

Map  16.    Jerusalem  of  Later  Old  Testament,        ...  140 

Map  17.    Assyrian  Peril  of  Jerusalem,         .       .       .       .  175 

Map  18.    Eastern  Biblical  Field,        - 183 

Map  19.    Rivals  for  Possession  of  Palestine,           -       -  190 

Map  20.    Palestine  Toward  New  Testament  Times,     -       -  199 


d.     CHARTS. 

Chart  A.    Place  of  Genesis  in  the  Old  Testament, 

Chart  B.    Hebrew  Monarchies, 

Chart  C.    Hebrew  Prophets, 

14 


44 

120 
163 


OUTLINE 

OF 

PARTS,  STUDY  TITLES,  AND  SCEIPTURE 
MATERIAL. 


part  I. 

m  THE  BEGINNING. 
From  not  less  than  7000-^.000  B.  G.  to  2500  B.  C. 

STXTDY  PAGE 

1.  Ceeation"  of  the  World  and  Man,  -        -    23 

Gen.  i,  ii. 

2.  Beginnings  of  Sin  and  Redemption,      -        -    31 

Gen.  iii. 

3.  First  Names  in  the  Race  Record  and  the 

Flood,    -        - 38 

Gen.  iv — xi,  9. 

part  II. 

HEBREW  RACE  FATHERS. 
From  about  2500  B.  C.  to  about  1300  B.  C. 

4.  Abraham  and  Isaac,         -        -        -        -        -    45 

Gen.  xi,  10 — xxviii,  9 ;  xxxv,  27-29. 

5.  Jacob  and  Joseph, 52 

Gen.  XXV,  19—1,  26. 

part  HI. 

HEBREW  NATION  FOUNDERS. 
From  about  1300  B.  C.  to  121^  B.  C. 

6.  Moses  and  the  Law,         -        -        -        -        -    58 

Exodus,  Leviticus,  Numbers,  Deuteronomy. 

7.  Joshua  and  the  Conquest,      -        -  -    66 

Joshua. 

15 


i6  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

part  IT. 

HEBKEW  NATION  BUILDERS. 
From  1217  B.  C.  to  1027  B.  C. 

STUBY  PA&B 

8.  The  Early  Judges, 72 

Judges,  Ruth. 

9.  Samuel, 80 

1  Sam.  i — XXV,  1. 


part  T. 

HEBREW  NATIONAL  LIFE. 

From  1027  B.  C.  to  U  B.  C. 

10.  Saul, 86 

1  Sam.  ix — 2  Sam.  i. 

11.  David, 93 

1   Sam.  xvi — xxxi ;  2  Sam.;   1  Kings  i — ii,  12; 

1  Chron.  x — xxix. 

12.  Solomon, 100 

2  Sam.    xii,   24,    25;    1  Kings  i — xi;    1    Cliron. 
xxviii — 2  Chron.  ix. 

13.  Rehoboam  and  Jeroboam,       .        .        .        .  io7 

1  Kings  xi,  26 — xiv,  31 ;  2  (Jhron.  ix,  31 — xii. 

14.  The  Northern  Kingdom  to  Its  Close,  -        -  114 

1  Kings  xiv,  20 — 2  Kings  xvii. 

15.  The  Southern  Kingdom  to  Captivity,  -  121 

1  Kings  xiv,  31 — 2  Kings  xxv,  21 ;  2  Chron.  xii, 
16— xxxvi,  21. 

16.  In  Exile  and  Restoration,  to  4  B.  C,         -  128 

2  Kings  xxv,  22-29 ;  2  Chron.  xxxvi,  22,  23 ;  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  Esther. 


part  TI. 

HEBREW  SINGERS  AND  WISDOM  WRITERS. 
From  about  1017  B.  C.  to  about  250  B.  0. 

17.  The  Psalms, 136 

Psalms. 

18.  Proverbs  and  Song  of  Solomon,  -        -        -  144 

Proverbs,  Song  of  Solomon. 

19.  Job  and  Ecclesiastes,    -----  151 

Job,  Ecclesiastes. 


Outline.  17 

Part  711. 

HEBREW  PROPHETS  AND  TEACHERS. 
Fro7n  about  860  B.  C.  to  about  300  B.  O. 

STUDY  PAGE 

20.  Elijah  and  Elisha, 157 

1  Kings  xvii,  1 — 2  Kings  xiii,  21. 

21.  Amos  axd  Hosea, 164 

Amos,  Hosea. 

22.  MiCAH  AND  Isaiah, 171 

Micah,  Isaiah. 

23.  Jeremiah  and  Ezekiel,  -        -        .        .  173 

Jeremiah,  Lamentations,  Ezekiel. 

24.  Daniel, 186 

Daniel. 

25.  The  Closing  Line  of  Minor  Prophets,         -  194 

(Amos,  Hosea,  Micah)  ;  Nahum,  Zephaniah, 
Habakkuk,  Haggai,  Zechariah,  Malachi,  Joel, 
Obadiah,  Jonah. 


C-  H.MOR6AN 


CHRONOLOGY 

OF 

THE  OLD  TESTAMENT. 


[Roman  numeral  indicates  nmntaer  of  Study;  N,  Narrative  opening 
Study.] 

PART  I. 

U8SHKR 

{Probably        ^ 
not  less  than 
7000-6000      I  '*^^^ 

B.CM 
Deluge,  III,  N  5000-2500  2348 

PART  II. 

Age  of  Abraham,  IV,  N  2300-17002  1921 

Descent  of  Israel  into  Egypt,  V,  N  2100-15003  1706 

PART  III. 

Exodus,  VI,  N 1400-1200^  1491 

Wilderness  Wandering,  40  years,  VII, 

N,  closing 1237  1451 

Period  of  Conquest,  Joshua,  elders,  20 

years,  closing 1217^    46  yrs.     1405 

1  Warren  Upham  In  the  Bibliotheca  Sacra,  1898,  presents  strong 
pvidence  to  show  that  the  ice  sheets  of  the  glacial  era  "  disappeared 
from  North  America  and  Europe  from  6,000  to  10,000  years  ago;"  and 
Professor  Q  Frederick  Wright,  in  the  same  journal,  1895,  says:  '-All  the 
evidence  tends    ...    to  prove  that  late  glacial  (or  post-glacial)  man 

came  down  approximately  to  within  some  10,000  years  of  our 
ow'n  times."    Some  would  perhaps  now  even  reduce  these  estimates. 

2  As  the  era  of  Abraham  is  regarded  by  most  scholars  as  contem- 
Dorarv  with  that  of  Hamnmrabl,  probably  the  best  date  is  about  2250 
B.  C,  although  fresh  light  may  fix  the  date  more  clearly. 

3  The  descent  of  Israel  into  Egypt  is  generally  placed  In  the  period 
of  the  Hvksos  kings,  which  Is  viewed  as  extending  from  about  2098  B.  O. 
to  1587  or  1530  B.  0.    Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  398;  II,  771 ;  Ottley,  307. 

4Savce,  Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  151,  In  vie^  of  the  allusion  to 
the  Israelites  by  Merenptah  on  his  stele  in  1276  B  C,  would  make  the 
date  of  the  Exodus  1277  B.  C,  and  this  meets  with  approval  by  Driver 
{Gen.),xxlx;  Ottley,  56. 

5  As  Paterson  makes  the  period  of  .Toshua  and  the  elders  seventeen 
years,  but  others  make  it  a  somewhat  longer  time,  twenty  years  would 
seem  a  reasonable  figure. 

19 


20  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

PART  IV. 

USSHER 

Early  Judges,  Othniel— Samson,  VIII, 

N,  130  years,  closing 1087     285  yrs.    1120 

Eli,  40  years,  IX,  N 1087-1047  1181-1141 

Samuel,  20  years,  IX,  N 1047-1027  1135-1095 

PART  V. 

Saul,  10  years,6  X,  N 1027-1017  40  yrs.  1095-1055 

David,  40  years,  XI,  N 1017-977  1055-1015 

Solomon,  40  years,  XII,  N 977-987  1015-975 

Eehoboam,  17  years,  XIII,  N 937-920  975-957 

Abijam,  3  years,  XIII,  N 920-917  957-955 

Jeroboam,  22  years,  XIIT,  N 937-915  975-954 

Northern  Kingdom,  215  years,  XIV,  N..  937-722  254  yrs.  975-721 

Kings  of  Igrael  and  dates  of  beginning 
of  reigns :  ^ 

Jeroboam 22  years 

Nadab 2     "     

Baasha 24     "     

Elah 2     "     j 

Zimri 7  days | 

Omri  12  years | 

Ahab 22      "     

Ahaziah 2     "     

Joram  12     "     

Jehu 28     "     

Jehoahaz 16     "     

Joash 17     "     

Jeroboam  II  ....41      "     

Zachariah 6  months 

Shallum  1  month  

Menahem 10  years 741 

Pekahiah 2     "     

Pekah 20     "     

Hoshea 9     "     

End  of  Northern  Kingdom 722 


937 

975 

915 

954 

914 

953 

900) 
890  J 
899  ( 
889$ 
899) 
889  5 

930 
929 
929 

875 

918 

853 

898 

852 

896 

842 

886 

815 

856 

798 

841 

782 

825 

741 

773 

741 

772 

741 

772 

737 

761 

736 

759 

734 

730 

722 

721 

6  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  1,399. 

7  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  column  (/). 


Chronology. 


21 


USSHER 

Southern  Kingdom,  351  years,  XV,  N....  937-586  387  yrs.  975-588 
Kings  of  Judah  and  dates  of  beginning 
of  reigns :  * 

Rehoboam 17  years 937  975 

Abijam  3      "     920  957 

Asa 41     "     917  955 

Jehoshaphat  ....25      "     876  914 

Jehoram 8      "     851  889 

Ahaziah  1      " 843  885 

Athaliah 6     "     842  884 

Joash 40     "     836  878 

Amaziah 29      "     796  838 

Uzziah 52      "     V'^^  810 

Jotham 18      "     {*Z|}  758 

Ahaz 16      "     735  742 

Hezekiah 29      "     {*5||  726 

Manasseh 55     "     \  ^\  698 

Anion 2     "     641  643 

Josiah 31      "     639  641 

Jehoahaz  3  months 608  610 

Jehoiakim  11  years 608  610 

Jehoiachin 3  months 597  599 

Zedekiah  11  years 597  599 

Destruction  of  Jerusalem 586  588 

Exile  and  Restoration,  XVI,  586-4  B.  C. 

Daniel  and  others  taken  to  Babylon..      606  607 

Cyrus's  decree  for  return  from  Baby- 
lon        538  536 

Temple  of  Solomon  destroyed 586  588 

Temple  of  Zerubbabel  dedicated 516  515 

Interval  in  each  case,  about  70  years. 

Main  deportations  from  Judah  in  597 
and  586. 

Return  of  42,360  with  Zerubbabel 537  or  536  536 

Return  of  1,000  with  Ezra 458  457 

Visits  of  Nehemiah  to  Jerusalem 445  &  433  445  &  434 

Events  of  the  Book  of  Esther  occur 
between  these  last  named  dates. 

Persian    period  of  Jewish  history 537-333 

Greek  "■  "  "       333-167 

Maccabean  "  "  "       167-63 

Roman  "  "  "       63-4 

8  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  column  (  c ). 

*  Indicates  where  reigns  probably  overlap  because  of  a  co-regency. 

The  other  cases  in  the  lists  of  kings,  where  two  dates  are  brack- 


22  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


PART  VI. 

Psalms,  written,  XVII,  N,  from  time  of  David  onward. 

Proverbs,  written,  XVIII,  N,  "        "     "  Solomon      " 

Song  of  Solomon,  written,  XVIII,  N,"         "     "  " 

Job,  written,  XIX,  N,  "        "     "  Hezekiah    " 

Eeclesiastes,  written,  XIX,  N,  "      400-250 

PART  VII. 

Prophetic  period  of  Elijah,  XX,  N 860-852 

"      "  Elisha,  XX,  N 852-797 

"       "  Amos,  XXI,  N 755 

"      "  Hosea,  XXI,  N 750-735 

"  "      "  Micah,  XXII,  N  ....  738-700 

"      "  Isaiah,  XXII,  N  ....  738-698 

"       "  Jeremiah,  XXIII,  N...  626-580 

"  "       "  Ezekiel,  XXIII,  N,  593-670 

Book  of  Lamentations,  written,  XXIII,  N,  586-536 

Recorded  life  of  Daniel,  XXIV,  N,  and 

Fifth  Day 606-535 

Book  of  Daniel,  written,  XXIV,  N,  in  time  of  Daniel  or  of  the 

Maccabees. 
Nahum,        written,  XXV,  N 664-607 


Zephaniah,  * 

Habakkuk  " 

Haggai,  " 

Zechariah,  " 

Malachi,  " 
Joel, 

Obadiah,  " 
Jonah,    date  of  life, 

"  "  book, 


626-621 

605 
520-516 

520-516  {Ife^r^t^ 
460-440 

CQ7  CI  7    f  or  perhaps 
ool-olt    I    about  850. 

845  or  586 

795-730 
745  or,  400-300 


eted,  are  at  points  where  Assyrian  and  Hebrew  history  seem  to  require 
that  some  years  be  taken  from  the  reign  of  one  king  and  added  to  that 
of  another,  as  ten  years  from  Baasha  added  to  Omri.  In  the  Chart  on 
Hebrew  Monarchies,  p.  120,  of  the  text-book,  the  date  of  the  beginning  of 
Jotham's  reign  has  been  made  751  B.  C,  as  is  implied  in  statement  of 
Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  402,  and  the  closing  reigns  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel 
are  modified  to  conform  to  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  column  (/),  as  given 
above.  When  it  is  remembered  that  exact  chronology  is  a  thing  of 
modern  times,  the  Biblical  data  for  this  difficult  period  are  seen  to 
yield  remarkably  favorable  results. 


PART  I. 
m  THE  BEGINNING. 


FIRST  "WEEK. 
CEEATION  OF  THE  WORLD  AND  MAN". 


STUDY  I. — First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  i,  1. 
Eead  Psa.  viii. 


Narrative. 

It  is  not  possible  to  add  to  the  completeness  and  power  Oenesu 

Related 
the  Bible. 


of  the  first  verse  of  the  Bible,   "In  the  beginning  God  .'^^"***''  *" 


created  the  heavens  and  the  earth."  Genesis,  of  which 
the  verse  forms  the  opening  sentence,  not  only  stands  as 
the  first  book  of  the  Bible,  but  also  as  the  first  of  the  five 
Books  of  Moses.  These  are  called  the  Pentateuch,  which 
means  "five  books,"  or  "fivefold  volume."  They  were  also 
together  called  by  the  Jews  "The  Law,"  which,  with  "The 
Prophets"  and  "The  Writings,"  made  up  the  Jewish  or 
Old  Testament  Scriptures.  The  name  "Genesis"  comes 
from  the  Septuagint  or  Greek  version  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, made  about  250  B.  C,  in  which  the  Greek  for  the 
Hebrew  name  has  this  form.  As  it  means  "origin" 
or  "beginning,"  it  is  a  very  proper  name  for  this 
book,  which  has  been  called  "The  Book  of  Beginnings."^ 

A  brief  outline  of  Genesis  is  given  under  Second  Day  items  in  its 
in  Studies  I,  IV.    In  addition,  it  may  be  stated,  that,  in  a^p^'^^^" 
general  way.  Genesis  gives  an  account  of  the  beginning 
of  the  world  and  mankind,  of  sin  and  redemption,  of  the 

1  Beardslee,  82;  Ottley  (H,  P.),  1. 
23 


24  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Sabbath  and  of  marriage,  of  the  primitive  family,  com- 
munity, peoples,  and  the  chosen  race,  of  prayer  and  sac- 
rifice, of  promise  and  prophecy,  of  language  and  the  arts, 
and  of  civilization  and  history.  When  one  considers  how 
much  it  means  to  have  light  thrown  on  the  origin  of  all 
these  things,  it  will  be  clear  that  Genesis  is  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  books  of  the  Bible. 

Opening  Por-  The  first  two  chapters  of  Genesis,  covered  by  the  pres- 
*^°  "^*|  ent  Study,  are  concerned  chiefly  with  the  creation  of  the 
world  and  of  man.  It  can  not  properly  be  expected  that 
the  account  of  creation  given  here  should  be  distinctly 
scientific,  for  the  Bible  is  not  a  book  of  science,  but  of 
religion.  Far  less  can  it  be  demanded  that  the  statements 
should  embody  the  current  conceptions  of  modern  science, 
since  these  have  greatly  changed  their  form  even  within 
the  past  fifty  years,  and  are  still  open  to  large  modifica- 
tions. 

view  of  Some  All  that  Can  fairly  be  asked  is  that  the  Biblical  account 
■  shall  be  consistent  with  the  assured  results  of  science, 
while  permitting  it  to  be  clothed  in  Oriental  and  Hebrew 
conceptions  and  terms.  Many  eminent  geologists,  such  as 
Hugh  Miller,  James  D.  Dana,  Guyot,  and  Dawson,  with 
other  scientists,  have  given  their  verdict  that  it  is  thus 
consistent.  The  following  may  be  offered  as  bearing  on 
this  point: 
Order  in  "In  Geucsis,  first  of  all,  creation  is  spoken  of  as  'in 
Creation.  ^^^  beginning,'  a  period  of  indefinite,  possibly  of  most 
remote  distance  in  the  past;  secondly,  the  progress  of  the 
preparation  of  the  earth's  surface  is  described  as  gradually 
advancing  from  the  rocks  to  the  vegetable  world,  then 
gradually  mounting  up,  through  birds  and  mammals,  till 
it  culminates  in  man.  This  is  the  course  of  creation  as 
popularly  described  in  Genesis;  and  the  rocks  give  their 
testimony,  at  least  in  the  general,  to  the  sam.e  order  and 
progress."^ 


2  Bishop  Browne,  quoted  In  Blalkie,  13. 


In  the  Beginning.  25 

The  objections  which  have  been  raised  to  this  view  Parallel  with 
appear  to  lose  much  if  not  all  of  their  force  when  the  *^****°^^' 
Bible  is  treated  as  a  book  of  religion,  and  is  expected 
to  give  the  broad  outlines  of  the  work  of  creation,  and  not, 
of  necessity,  the  special  distinctions  of  exact,  modern  sci- 
ence. Professor  A.  C.  Zenos  especially  notes  that  the 
records  of  the  creation,  in  geology  and  Genesis,  are  par- 
allel; they  move  upon  different  planes,  "but  these  two 
planes  are  parallel  to  one  another.  The  geological  ac- 
count is  a  nineteenth-century  grouping  of  certain  facts, 
with  a  view  to  satisfying  a  scientific  need;  the  Genesis 
account  is  a  pre-Christian  presentation  emphasizing  the 
place  of  God  in  the  origin  of  the  world.  Perfect  corre- 
spondence between  them  does  not  exist.  And  yet  a  gen- 
eral similarity  of  order  can  not  be  denied,"^ 

As  to  the  supreme  value  of  the  Biblical  account  of  Key  to  Life's 

Riddle. 

creation.  Professor  Whitehouse  says  that  "it  furnishes 
us  with  the  only  key  that  can  solve  the  dark  riddle  of  life. 
It  sets  God  above  the  great  complex  world-process,  and 
yet  closely  linked  with  it,  as  a  personal  intelligence  and 
will  that  rules  victoriously  and  without  a  rival.  As  the 
supreme  object  of  his  creative  ener^,  it  sets  man,  fash- 
ioned in  his  Divine  likeness,  to  be  the  ruler  of  created 
things.  All  else  is  secondary,  and  it  is  for  scientific  inves- 
tigation to  determine  the  exact  details  of  those  interme- 
diate steps  in  the  stupendous  ascent  whereby  God's  work 
advanced  along  the  vistas  of  past  time  to  the  dawn  of 
human  existence.  But  without  that  clear  and  sublime 
attestation  at  the  threshold  of  the  inspired  record  of  the 
personal  source  from  which  all  has  flowed,  and  of  the 
unique  worth  and  dignity  of  man,  and  his  near  kinship 
with  that  source,  surely  human  life  would  have  been  far 
darker  and  more  hopeless,  and  its  deepest  problems  would 
have  remained  unsolved.  Upon  this  basis,  laid  broad  and 
clear  in  Genesis,  the  revelation  of  the  New  Covenant  of 


3  Bib.  Ency.,  I,  433. 


26  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Eedemption  in  Christ  Jesus  rests.  For  the  mediatorial 
work  of  Christ  rests  on  the  Fatherhood  of  the  Creator  of 
all  things,  and  on  the  supreme  worth  of  man,  whom  Jesus 
came  to  save."* 
Purity  oi  As  bearing  on  the  freedom  of  the  Mosaic  cosmology 
R  *^i*tion*  f^o^  false  elements  as  compared  with  all  other  ancient 
accounts  of  creation,  the  following  statement  of  Professor 
Sayce  may  be  noted:  "The  cosmology  of  Babylonia  is 
thickly  overgrown  and  intertwined  with  polytheistic, 
mythological,  and  even  materialistic  elements;  in  the  cos- 
mology of  Genesis  these  are  all  swept  away,  and  in  place 
of  them  the  doctrine  is  proclaimed  that  there  is  but  one 
God,  the  Creator  of  the  whole  universe."^ 


"And  the  Spirit  of  God  moved  upon  the  face  oi 
the  waters."  By  His  agency  chaos  gave  way  to 
systems,  confusion  to  order.  The  Spirit  of  God 
works  to  this  end  always.  His  unfolding  forms 
the  progressive  principle  of  history.  He  is  the 
Organizer  of  civilization.  He  it  is  who  makes  the 
deserts  of  human  life  to  "rejoice  and  blossom  as 
the  rose." 


STUDY  I — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  i,  3. 

Eead  Gen.  i,  1-8,  14-19.  A  very  helpful  idea,  men- 
tioned by  Davis,  14-20,  is  that  a  principle  of  grouping 
marks  the  narrative  in  this  chapter,  so  as  to  distribute 
the  work  of  creation  into  six  days  or  periods,  followed  by 
the  period  of  Divine  rest,  thus  filling  out  the  ideal  of  the 
week  and  the  Sabbath.  So  the  record  of  the  fourth  day 
is  placed  to  be  read  along  with  that  of  the  general  creation 
and  arrangement  of  the  heavens  and  the  earth  before  life 
began. 


4  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  507. 

BSayce  (Mon.  Facts),  110.    See  also  Ottley,  7,  8;  Burney,  92-94. 


In  the  Beginning. 


27 


Scripture  Outline.     First  Division  of  Genesis. 

The  Primeval  Period,  Gen.  i — xi,  26:  (1)  Generations  of 
the  heavens  and  the  earth,  Gen.  i — iv ;  (2)  Of  Adam,  v,  1 — vi,  8 ; 
(3)  Of  Noah,  vi,  9— ix,  29;  (4)  Of  the  sons  of  Noah,  x,  1— xi,  9; 
(5)  Of  Shem,  xi,  10-26.     For  Second  Div.,  see  Study  IV. 

STUDY  I. — Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  cxlv,  16. 

Eead  Gen.  i,  9-13,  20-25.  In  these  few  verses  is  indi- 
cated, in  a  marvelous  way  for  a  narrative  produced  so 
long  ago,  the  whole  development  of  life  on  the  earth  up  to 
the  point  where  man  appears.  Short  as  is  the  account, 
it  is  wonderfully  open  to  harmony  with  life  development, 
heredity,  environment,  and  other  working  ideas  of  mod- 
ern biology. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Worlc. 

If  any  of  the  students  or  classes  desire  to  make  sim- 
ple diagrams,  illustrating  the  possible  nebular  origin  of 


^^wrtt 


Map  4.     Stellae  Universe.^ 

the  solar  system,  and  the  rock  and  life  history  of  the  earth, 
a^  given  by  astronomy  and  geology,  let  them  know  that 


6  Diagram  reproduced  from  Wallace,  Man's  Place  in  the  Universe, 
296.  The  sun '8  orbit  Is  supposed  to  be  located  at  the  black  spot  marked 
S,  toward  the  outer  part  of  the  central  solar  cluster;  and  the  entire 
diagram  shows  a  space  which  takes  light  3,600  years  to  cross. 


28  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

nothing  here  forbids  their  efforts.  Such  methods  in  cre- 
ation, in  so  far  as  they  are  proved  to  be  real,  in  the  judg- 
ment of  multitudes  of  Christian  believers,  only  add  to  the 
wisdom  and  glory  of  God  as  Creator,  and  to  the  truth 
of  this  record  in  Genesis. 

STUDY  I. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  i,  27. 

Eead  Gen.  i,  26 — ii,  3.  Dods,  9-14,  beautifully  states 
some  of  the  truths  that  are  taught  in  these  chapters.  One 
of  the  prof  oundest  results  of  science  is  to  demonstrate  that, 
as  far  as  can  be  known,  man  is  the  crown  of  creation, 
and  the  incarnation  is  highest  of  all  God's  works, — man 
made  in  God's  image  and  after  His  likeness.  Wallace  even 
seeks  to  show,  on  purely  scientific  grounds,  that  the  earth 
is  probably  the  only  world  on  which  life  has  been  de- 
veloped in  all  the  stellar  universe.'' 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  9-18;  Ottley,  6-10;  Barnicott,  1-3;  Beardslee,  30- 
34 ;  Burney ,  10-25  ;  Matheson,  1, 23-33 ;  Davis,  1-62 ;  Price,  80-88, 
94-96;  Bib.  Ency.,  art.  "Cosmogony." 

STUDY  I. — Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  ii,  7. 

Eead  Gen.  ii,  4-15.  While  the  critical  views  would 
take  the  first  words  of  verse  4  and  place  them  at  the  be- 
ginning of  chapter  i,  and  then  count  what  is  left  the 
beginning  of  a  second  document,  other  writers  explain 
these  opening  verses  as  a  brief  summing  up  of  what  has 
gone  before,  introductory  to  a  new  section,  and  make  the 
joining  of  "Jehovah"  to  the  name  of  "God"  as  the  sign 
that  the  Creator  comes  into  a  closer  relation  with  man. 
It  is  now  thought  that  the  description  of  Eden  places  it 
in  the  Babylonian  plain,  and  that  the  Hiddekel  is  the 
Tigris,  and  the  Pishon  and  Gihon  may  be  among  the 
early  canals  or  tributaries  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris. 


7  Alfred  RusseU  Wallace,  Man^s  Place  in  the  Universe,  (1903). 


In  the  Beginning.  29 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  The  existence  of  God  and  his  power  and  wisdom  in  cre- 
ation. Gen.  i,  1,  31;  Ex.  iii,  14;  Psa.  xc,  2;  xix,  1;  Isa.  xl,  26; 
Jer.  xxxii,  27;  Mark  x,  27;  Psa.  civ,  24;  Job  xxxviii,  31-36; 
Rom.  xi,  33-36;  i,  20. 

2.  Meaning  of  the  two  names,  "  God"  (Elohim),  and  "  Je- 
hovah."    Bib.  Diet. ;  Burney,  11-26. 

3.  Work  of  the  six  creative  days  or  periods.  Gen.  i,  3-31 
Blaikie,  12;  Barnicott,  1,  2. 

4.  Man's  place  in  nature,  and  in  tlie  Divine  plan.  Gen.  i 
26-29;  ii,  7;  Barnicott,  2;  Davis,  46,  47;  Dods,  11-14;  Wallace 
Man's  Place  in  the  Universe,  especially  305-320. 

5.  The  rest  of  God  and  the  Sabbath  for  man.  Gen.  ii,  2,  3 
Blaikie,  12,  15,  16;  Price,  85,  86;  Davis,  23-25. 

6.  Location  of  Eden,  and  lessons  that  may  be  drawn  from 
the  description  of  Paradise  or  "the  garden."     Gen.  ii,  8-17 
Matheson,  I,  29-33 ;  Price,  87,  88  ;  Davis,  55-62.     (See  Map  5.) 

7.  Moral  truths  or  relations  taught  in  the  account  of  wo- 
man's creation  and  the  first  marriage.  Gen.  ii,  18-25;  Davis, 
50-54. 

STUDY  I.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  ii,  18. 

Eead  Gen.  ii,  18-25.  The  account  of  the  creation  of 
Eve  seems  fitted  to  show  the  close  organic  relation  of  man 
and  woman.  "In  every  respect  the  conception  is  pure 
and  satisfying.'^^  "The  man  at  once  recognizes  in  the 
woman  one  intimately  related  to  himself,  and  fitted  to  be 
his  intellectual  and  moral  consort."^ 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  Into  what  three  parts  did  the  Jews  divide  the  Old  Testa- 
ment?    See  Narrative;  and  Beardslee,  17. 

2.  What  two  names  are  given  to  the  first  five  Old  Testa- 
ment books  taken  together  ?     See  Narrative  ;  Beardslee,  19. 

3.  Make  a  list  of  some  of  the  things  the  beginning  of  which 
is  recorded  in  Genesis. 

4.  Taking  five  things, — rocks  or  "  dry  land,"  mammals, 
plants,  man,  birds, — arrange  them  in  the  order  given  in  Gene- 
sis, i,  9-27. 

5.  Why  is  the  naming  of  the  animals  brought  into  the 
midst  of  the  story  of  the  making  of  woman  ? 

8  Worcester,  Genesis  in  the  Light  of  Modern  Knowledge,  (1901),  160, 161. 

9  Driver  (Gen.),  43. 


30  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  I.— Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  civ,  24. 
Eead  Psa.  civ,  1-24. 

Personal  Thought. 

"God  said,  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image,  after  our 
likeness."     (Gen.  i,  26.) 

This  is  what  God  has  been  ever  saying  since  that  time; 
and  never  were  Divinely  fashioned  and  attuned  men  and 
women  so  numerous  in  our  world  as  now.  But  it  requires 
your  help  to  bring  you  more  completely  into  likeness  with 
God. 


PART  I.— SECOND  TVBEK. 
BEGINNINGS  OF  SIN  AND  EEDEMPTION 


STUDY  II.— First  Day.    Memory  Verses,  Gen.  ii,  16,  17. 
Eead  Eom.  iii,  10-24. 

Narrative. 

The  beginnings  of  sin  and  redemption  are  related  in  Message  to 
the  third  chapter  of  Genesis  in  a  simple  and  picturesque*^*"^"'* 
manner  that  brings  these  profound  facts,  acknowledged 
by  students  both  of  history  and  of  human  nature  to  be 
among  the  most  momentous  phases  of  man's  life,  with 
great  force  and  clearness  to  the  common,  and  even  be- 
nighted, peoples  who  have  constituted  the  large  part  of 
former  generations,  and  who  even  now  comprise  most 
of  the  world's  population. 

There  is  recorded,  at  the  first,  a  simple  state  of  inno-  Edenic  sketch. 
cence,  like  the  period  of  cliildhood  in  the  individual.  This 
Eden  period  has  often  been  described  in  too  glowing 
colors.  The  Genesis  record  shows  that  man  at  the  begin- 
ning was  morally  very  much  like  a  guileless  child,  and 
that  his  possessions,  food,  and  occupation  were  of  the  sim- 
plest and  most  primitive  character.  Whatever  view,  there- 
fore, one  may  accept  as  to  the  origin  of  man,  it  will  not 
be  difficult  to  find  the  ground  of  agreement  with  a  scien- 
tific view  in  this  brief  Biblical  sketch. 

As  man,  at  this  time,  found  nourishment  and  chiefly  Path  of 
exercised  his  powers  in  the  vegetable  and  fruit  realm,  it    ^'*  "^' 
is  written  that  by  means  of  two  trees  were  presented  to 
him  the  paths  leading  toward  his  future  destiny.     If  the 
tree  of  life  opened  the  way  to  immortality  as  the  reward 
of  character  to  be  won,  the  tree  of  the  knowledge  of  good 

31 


32  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

and  evil  brought  the  test  of  obedience  and  self-control 
through  which  true  wisdom  could  alone  be  gained. 
Elements  of        AH  the  great  elements  of  temptation  are  indicated  in 

emp  ">"-^]^jg  ijj-ief  record  (Gen.  iii,  1-6).  From  without  comes 
the  appeal  of  the  spirit  of  evil  in  the  guise  of  the  serpent, 
holding  up  the  forbidden  fruit  and  the  false  ideal  of  what 
it  will  do,  with  a  covert  undermining  of  confidence  in  the 
goodness  of  God.  Three  distinct  ranges  of  man's  nature 
from  lower  to  higher  are  solicited:  The  senses,  "the  tree 
was  good  for  food;"  the  soul  in  its  love  of  beauty,  "it 
was  a  delight  to  the  eyes;"  the  spiritual  nature  in  its 
craving  to  know  and  grasp  the  unseen,  "to  be  desired  to 
make  one  wise,"  or  "5^6  shall  be  as  God"  (vs.  5,  6).  It 
would  not  be  difficult  to  show  that  these  agree  with  the 
three  temptations  of  Christ,  and  with  the  three  items  of 
the  summary  of  John,  "the  lust  of  the  flesh  and  the  lust 
of  the  eyes  and  the  vainglory  of  life"  (Matt,  iv,  1-10; 
1  John  ii,  16). 

Origin  and  The  deepest  thought  applied  to  tlie  problem  has  been 
n.  ^^jg  ^^  frame  no  better  account  of  the  origin  of  sin  than 
to  say  that  it  arose  from  an  abuse  of  freedom.  Sin  was 
not  necessary,  but  it  was  possible,  if  man  was  made  cap- 
able of  moral  life,  and  God  could  not  prevent  this  possi- 
bility without  subtracting  something  from  the  worth  of 
human  nature.  Sin  is  nothing  belonging  to  man's  real 
nature,  but  only  the  perverted  or  wrong  activity  of  the 
nature.^ 
Dalliance  and  The  sin  of  Eve  began  in  her  being  willing  to  listen  to 
■  the  tempter  when  he  sought  to  show  that  God  had  not 
spoken  truly.  Then  she  looked  at  the  fruit  and  reflected 
when  she  should  have  fled.  In  a  measure  she  was  "be- 
guiled" or  deceived  (1  Tim.  ii,  14),  but  the  substance  of 
her  sin  as  well  as  that  of  Adam  was  disobedience.  (Vs. 
17;  Eom.  v,  19). 

1  Clarke,  An  Outline  of  Christian  Theology,  231-242;  Denney,  The 
Atonement  and  the  Modern  Mind,  110;  Van  Dyke,  Tlie  Oospel  for  an  Age 
o/i)OM6<,  239-241,  266. 


In  the  Beginning.  33 

"The  actual  experience  of  sin  is  like  the  one  taste  of  effects  of 
alcohol  to  a  reclaimed  drunkard.  It  seems  to  have  tapped  *''*  ''*"• 
a  spring  of  evil  within  us."^  Terrible  results  follow: 
"First,  the  guilt  and  shame,  then  the  fear,  then  the  guile, 
then  the  selfishness,  then  the  suffering,  and  disappoint- 
ment, and  death. "^  The  penalty  pronounced  upon  Adam 
and  Eve  (Gen.  iii,  16-19),  means  that  sin  alters  the  entire 
relations  of  the  sinner  to  God,  to  nature,  and  to  life. 

The  beginnino-s  of  redemption,  as  siven  here,  may  be  Beginnings  oi 

.       ,,        -r..    .  IT         .\.    .    L  J      £   x^  Redemption. 

seen  m  the  Divme  pledge  that  the  seed  of  the  woman 
should  bruise  the  serpent's  head  (vs.  15)  ;  in  the  new 
hope  with  which  Adam  could  bestow  the  name  "Life" 
(Eve)  upon  his  companion  (vs.  20) ;  and  in  the  provision 
of  God  by  which,  not  with  fig-leaves  of  their  own  arrange- 
ment (vs.  7),  but  with  the  skins  of  animals,  which  spoke 
of  pain  and  blood-shedding,  they  were  clothed,  and  in 
symbol  their  sin  was  atoningly  covered  (vs.  31) .  And  while 
the  earthly  Eden  was  lost,  and  watchful  cherubim  guarded 
the  way  leading  to  its  tree  of  life  (vs.  22-24),  the  first 
brief  stages  had  been  opened  of  the  long  course  of  redemp- 
tion, which  was  to  bring  unnumbered  multitudes  at  last 
into  the  heavenly  paradise,  with  full  right  to  come  to  its 
tree  of  life  and  partake  of  its  perpetual  fruits.  (Eev.  ii, 
7;xsii,  2,  14.) 


By  the  will  of  man  comes  the  stream  of  the 
world's  sin  and  woe.  Out  of  the  love  of  God 
springs  the  river  of  redemption  which  makes  glad 
the  city  of  God.  And  so,  "where  sin  abounded, 
grace  did  much  more  abound." 


STUDY  II. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  6. 

Read  Gen.  iii,  1-8.     While  neither  Biblical  nor  scien- 
tific interpretation  has  spoken  its  last  word,  it  is  to  be 


2  Dods,  23. 

3  Gibson,  Ages  Be/ore  Moses,  1 

3 


34  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

noted  that  their  lines  of  thought  seem  to  converge  to  a 
common  center,  as  is  shown  by  these  sentences  from  a 
recent  work:  "Sin  and  redemption,  respectively,  are  but 
the  abnormal  and  the  normalized  evolution  of  humanity."* 
"From  the  universality  of  moral  evil  throughout  the  re- 
corded history  of  mankind,  two  inferences  are  obvious: 
First,  the  'fall'  took  place  before  the  dispersion.  .  .  . 
Secondly,  the  world's  disaster  was  caused  by  the  base 
choice  of  the  first  being  so  endowed  with  reason  as  to  en- 
title him  to  the  designation,  Man"^ 

Scripture  Outline. 

Chapter  names  of  the  first  twenty-five  chapters  of  Genesis : 
1,  Creation ;  2.  Man  and  woman ;  3.  The  fall ;  4.  Cain  and 
Abel;  5.  New  line  of  Seth ;  6.  Wickedness,  the  ark;  7.  The 
flood  ;  8.  Leaving  the  ark,  sacrifice  ;  9.  Covenant  with  Noah ; 
10.  Nations;  11.  Babel,  line  from  Shem  to  Abram;  12. 
Abram's  call ;  13.  Separation  ;  14.  Victory  ;  15.  Promise  to 
Abram  ;  16.  Birth  of  Ishmael ;  17.  Covenant  with  Abraham ; 
18.  Prayer  for  Sodom ;  19.  Cities  of  the  Plain  destroyed  ;  20. 
Abraham  in  Gerar ;  21.  Birth  of  Isaac ;  22.  Abraham  tried ; 
23.  Death  of  Sarah ;  24.  Isaac's  Marriage ;  25.  Death  of  Abra- 
ham, birth  of  Esau  and  Jacob. 


STUDY  II. — Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  9. 

Eead  Gen.  iii,  9-14,  16-19.  As  a  further  evidence  of 
the  approximation  of  scientific  phrase  and  Biblical  state- 
ment, compare  this  Scripture  passage  with  the  following: 
'^Evolution  and  a  fall  can  not  be  inconsistent.  Each  of  us 
individually  has  risen  into  moral  life  from  a  mode  of 
being  which  was  purely  natural,  .  .  .  has  been  a  sub- 
ject of  evolution;  but  each  of  us  has  also  fallen.'"" 


4  President  A.  H.  Strong,  Introductory  Note  (p.  xili)  to  Wilkin's 
Control  in  Evolution,  (1903). 
c  Same  work,  118. 
6  Denney,  27i«  Atonement  and  the  Modern  Mind,  81,  82. 


In  the  Beginning. 


35 


Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

A  study  of  the  more  recent  views  as  to  the  location  of 
Eden  and  the  Garden  of  Eden.    See  Map  5. 


Map  5.     Plain  and  Garden  of  Edex, 

STUDY  II. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  15. 

Eead  Gen.  iii,  15,  20-24.  "The  Bible  ...  is  a 
revelation,  not  because  it  has  been  canonized,  but  because 
it  contains  the  history  of  the  Kedeemer  and  our  redemp- 
tion."^ There  is  given  here  the  very  first  beginnings  of  this 
history.  Note  that  labor  itself  is  not  a  curse,  for  it  was 
given  before  the  fall,  but  only  the  thorns  and  thistles,  the 
effort  and  pain,  associated  with  labor  after  the  fall. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  16-24  ;  Ottley,  10,  11 ;  Barnicott,  3-5 ;  Beardslee,  34 ; 
Burney,  94,  95  ;  Matheson,  I,  23-44  ;  Price,  88,  89 ;  Davis,  64-84 ; 
Dods,  15-27;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "Fall." 

STUDY  II.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  20. 

Eead  Job  xxxi,  1-4,  24-40.  This  chapter  has  points 
of  kinship  with  the  subject  of  the  lesson,  since  it  sug- 
gests many  forms  of  temptation  that  might  appeal  to  Job, 


7  Fairbairn,  The  Place  of  Christ  in  Modern  Theology,  608. 


36  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

and  gives  his  clear  knowledge  of  the  penalties  that  would 
follow  transgression.  Verse  33  even  refers  to  the  case  of 
Adam  seeking  to  hide  his  sin,  and  the  closing  verses  almost 
repeat  the  thought  of  Gen.  iii,  18,  that  the  earth  must 
oppose  thistles  and  noxious  weeds  to  the  evil-doer. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Ciass-work. 

1.  Sin  sure  of  discovery.  Gen.  iii,  8-11;  iv,  9,  10;  xliv,  16; 
Num.  xxxii,  23;  Josh,  vii,  11,  16-18;  1  Sam.  xv,  23,  24 ;  2  Sam. 
xii,  7,12;  2  Kings  v,  25-27. 

2.  The  personal  evil  spirit.  Gen.  iii,  1,  14,  15;  Blaikie,  18, 
19 ;  Burney,  94,  95  ;  Davis,  68-77. 

3.  The  meaning  and  effect  of  the  fall.  Gen.  iii,  6,  7,  22,  23 ; 
Blaikie,  19:  Ottley,  10;  Matheson,  I,  33-43;  Dods,  19-24. 

4.  The  primal  Gospel  promise.  Gen.  iii,  15;  Blaikie,  20; 
Ottley,  10,  11. 

5.  The  mission  of  pain.     Gen.  iii,  16. 

6.  The  good  and  the  ill  of  labor.  Gen.  ii,  15;  iii,  17-19; 
Blaikie,  16. 

7.  The  Cherubim.     Gen.  iii,  24;  Davis,  78-84. 

STUDY  II. — Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  21. 

Eead  2  Sam.  xii,  7-14.  Perhaps  the  most  touching 
and  surprising  fall  recorded  in  the  Bible,  next  to  that  of 
Adam  and  Eve,  is  that  of  David.  But  for  him  also  there 
was  opened  a  way  of  pardon,  and  this  passage  discloses 
his  penitence  and  restoration  to  God's  favor. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  is  regarded  by  many  as  the  best  explanation  of 
the  origin  of  sin  ?     See  Narrative. 

2.  Who  was  the  real  tempter  of  Eve? 

3.  What  were  some  of  the  results  of  the  sin  of  Adam  and 
Eve? 

4.  What  fact  shows  that  labor  itself  is  not  a  curse  ? 

5.  What  tokens  of  the  beginnings  of  redemption  are  here 
given  ? 


In  the  Beginning.  37 

STUDY  II. — Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iii,  24. 
Eead  Eom.  v,  12-21. 

Personal  Thought. 

"They  like  Adam  have  transgressed  the  covenant :  there 
have  they  dealt  treacherously  against  me."     (Hos.  vi,  7.) 

Observe  that  all  the  benefits  of  development  could  have 
been  secured  without  the  fact  of  sin.  "Whether  man 
yielded  to  the  temptation  or  overcame  it,  in  any  case  he 
would  have  advanced  a  step  in  knowledge.  To  yield  was 
a  spiritual  fall ;  to  resist  would  have  been  a  spiritual  rise. 
.  .  .  And  thus  to  assert  that  sin  was  relatively  neces- 
sary for  the  development  of  human  nature  is  to  confuse 
the  yielding  to  temptation  with  the  experience  of  it.  Had 
the  primeval  man  been  strong  when  evil  presented  itself, 
we  know  not  to  what  heights  of  intellectual  or  of  spiritual 
excellence  the  race  might  not  have  now  attained,  . 
In  the  event  there  was  intellectual  growth,  accompanied 
by  descent  to  a  lower  spiritual  level,  from  which  it  would 
be  impossible  for  man  to  rise  without  the  aid  of  Divine 
grace.  .  .  .  Such  a  view  of  man's  progress  is  in  the 
strictest  harmony  alike  with  the  Bible  and  with  the  teach- 
ing of  modern  science."^ 

Do  I  ever  persuade  myself  to  believe  that  I  can  gain 
even  in  knowledge  by  yielding  to  a  temptation  more  than 
I  can  gain  by  overcoming  it? 


8  J.  H.  Bernard,  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "  FaU." 


PART  I.— THIRD  "WEEK. 

FIRST  NAMES  IN  THE  RACE  RECORD  AND  THE 
FLOOD. 


STUDY  III.— First  Day.      Memory  Verses,  Gen.  iv,  6,  7. 

Read  Gen.  iv,  1-7. 
Narrative. 
Choice  of  The  first  names  in  the  Bible  show  that  they  are  used 
ar  y  ames.  j^g^^^gg  y^gy  garry  a  Special  meaning.  The  selection  of  a 
name  is  sometimes  made,  not  Math  reference  to  the  root 
word  from  which  it  is  derived,  but  because  it  resembles 
another  word  in  sound.  In  such  cases  the  name  is  chosen 
and  the  meaning  of  the  word  it  resembles  attached  to  it 
with  the  freedom  of  common  speech  and  without  regard  to 
etymology.^ 
Meaning  of  Looking  at  the  first  names  in  the  race  record,  with 
Names,  ^j^^g  -j^  mind,  it  may  be  noted  that  the  word  Adam,  which 
is  used  as  a  proper  name  probably  first  in  Genesis  iii,  17, 
is  thought  by  most  scholars  to  mean  "red"  or  "ruddy," 
as  conveying  the  impression  of  the  primitive  man's  color, 
though  by  others  the  word  is  supposed  to  mean  "the  one 
made."^  The  name  Eve  means  "life."^  Cain,  by  resem- 
blance in  sound,  is  connected  with  Kanah,  which  means 
"to  get"  (Gen.  iv,  1,  R.  V.,  margin).  Abel  means 
"breath,"  wliich  may  suggest  how  evanescent  was  his 
earthly  course.  Seth  (Gen.  iv,  25),  again,  by  its  sound 
attracts  to  itself  the  meaning  "appointed,"  while  Enoch 
probably  means  "dedicated,"  and  Noali,  "rest"  or  "com- 
fort" (Gen.  V,  29). 

1  Driver  (Gen.),  63. 

2  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "Adam." 

3  Same,  art.  "  Eve." 

38 


In  the  Beginning.  39 

Science  is  in  accord  with  the  Bible  as  to  the  unity  of  iwan's  unity 
the  human  race.*  The  early  pages  of  Genesis  also  bear  "***  Diversity. 
witness  to  the  principle  of  woman's  rightful  place  beside 
man  in  equality  of  wortli  and  honor.  But,  along  with 
these  notes  of  oneness,  there  appear  signs  of  that  immense 
diversity  which  is  to  mark  mankind  in  its  development, 
some  forms  of  which  are  to  lead  to  divergence  and  discord. 

This  divergence  of  moral  and  spiritual  life  is  first  contrart*  in 
seen  in  the  character  of  the  two  brothers,  Cain  and  Abel. 
Appearing  so  early  in  the  history  of  the  race,  the  differ- 
ence is  not  merely  personal,  but  representative.  The  two 
brothers  become  typical  of  the  two  great  classes  of  man- 
kind, the  morally  evil  or  bad,  and  the  righteous  or  good. 
Clearly,  Cain  is  in  his  heart  godless  and  therefore  intensely 
selfish,  and  as  soon  as  his  purposes  are  crossed,  he  is  ready 
to  turn  with  anger  toward  God  and  envy  and  hatred  toward 
his  brother.  ISTo  other  explanation  is  needed  to  show  why 
his  sacrifice  was  not  accepted.  God  would  early  make  it 
plain  that  the  offering  made  by  such  a  heart  and  with 
such  a  spirit  can  not  be  received  by  him.  His  words  in 
effect  to  Cain  are,  that,  if  he  does  well,  his  countenance 
will  also  "^be  lifted  up"  in  the  joy  of  acceptance.  'SSin 
coucheth  at  the  door;  and  unto  thee  shall  be  its  desire; 
but  do  thou  rule  over  it"  (Gen.  iv,  7).  This  fully  shows 
that  every  human  being  possessed  of  normal  faculties 
has  the  power  with  God's  help  to  determine  his  course 
as  respects  right  and  wrong. 

Abel  did  not  die  in  vain,  for  the  writer  ot  the  Epistle  worth  of 
to  the  Hebrews  says  of  him  that  he  "being  dead  yet  speak-  ■^•'*''*  Work. 
eth"  (Heb.  xi,  4).  Matheson  terms  him  "the  undevel- 
oped," and  says:  "He  began  the  sacrificial  life.  It  be- 
came a  candle  with  Abraham,  a  lamp  with  Moses,  a  fire 
with  the  prophets  of  Judah,  until  at  last  it  burst  into  a 
conflagration  on  the  hill  of  Calvary." 


4  Driver  (Gen.),  xxxvl,  xxxvll. 


40  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Pioneers  in  Seth  next  appears  as  renewing  the  good  line  (Gen.  iv, 
°*"'25),  and  soon  afterward  prayer  and  worship  are  noted 
in  the  record  as  marking  the  nobler  developments  of  life, 
very  much  in  the  same  way  as  the  appearance  of  some  of 
the  arts  in  the  Cainite  line  indicates  where  fresh  forces 
of  the  world  began  their  work  (Gen.  iv,  20-26).  A  mar- 
velous biography  of  Enoch  is  compressed  into  twelve  words : 
"Enoch  walked  with  God :  and  he  was  not ;  for  God  took 
•      him''  (Gen.  V,  24). 

Reason  for  In  connection  with  Noah,  the  tenth  from  Adam  in  the 
Flood,  good  or  religious  line,  the  record  is  given  of  the  great 
wickedness  of  the  world  and  the  judgment  of  the  flood. 
Perhaps  the  best  view  is  that,  by  the  sons  of  God  (Gen,  vi, 
2),  Sethites  are  meant,^  and  through  their  union  with 
the  daughters  of  the  worldly  line,  such  general  corruption 
ensues  that  Noah  seeks  to  overcome  it  by  his  preaching  of 
righteousness.  Only  after  many  years,  when  all  hope  of 
reformation  fails,  does  God  send  the  flood. 
Locality  and  Many  authorities  unite  in  the  view  that  the  flood  was 
'  local,  probably  being  confined  to  the  Euphrates  Valley.® 
Its  entire  duration  was  about  one  year,  from  November 
to  November.  As  to  its  date,  while  few  or  none  would 
now  claim  that  Ussher's  chronology  is  satisfactory,  no 
other  system  has  won  general  recognition  for  the  first  ages ; 
and  by  this  the  creation  of  the  world  is  placed  4004  B.  C., 
and  the  Deluge  2348  B.  C.^  Dr.  W.  H.  Green  has  clearly 
shown^  that  Bible  students  can  freely  accept  any  settled 
and  established  data  for  these  older  world  events  without 
danger  of  conflicting  with  the  simple  life  indications  given 
in  the  tables  of  Genesis ;  and  the  trend  of  recent  scientific 


«The  view  that  "sons  of  God"  here  means  angels,  Is  also  exten- 
sively held  by  modern  scholars. 

6 Topic  5,  references;  also  Ryle,  The  Early  Narratives  of  Genesis, 
112-114;  Gibson,  Ages  Before  Moses,  128-131. 

7  Bib.  Ency.,  Ill,  Appendix,  3. 

8  "  Primeval  Chronology."  Professor  William  H.  Green,  Bibliotheca 
Bacra,  XL VII,  285-303  (Apr.,  1890). 


In  the  Beginning.  41 


thought  as  respects  man's  age  on  the  earth  and  the  probable 
occurrence  of  a  flood  answering  to  this  account  is  in  the 
direction  of  bringing  both  within  limits  favorable  to  the 
reality  of  that  which  is  recorded.  It  is  probable  that  the 
existence  of  the  human  race,  as  represented  in  Genesis, 
goes  back  at  least  to  6000  B.  C,  and  that  the  date  of  the 
flood  must  be  put  back  correspondingly. 


Thus  early  in  human  history  it  becomes  clear 
that  upon  the  choices  of  a  man's  life  depends  his 
happiness,  his  character,  his  destiny.  It  is  a  mighty 
moment  of  far-reaching  consequences,  when  a  man 
chooses  the  will  of  God ;  a  fatal  moment,  when  he 
rejects  that  will. 


STUDY  III. — Second  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  iv,  9. 

Eead  Gen.  iv,  8-24.  Dods  remarks,  "With  each  child 
that  comes  into  the  world  some  fresh  hope  is  brought." 
See  that  in  you  this  hope  is  not  disappointed. 

Scripture  Outline.    Chapters  iv — ix,  1-17;  x,  32. 

(1)  Genealogy  of  Cain,  iv,  1-24;  (2)  genealogy  of  Seth,  iv, 
25,  26 ;  V  ;  (3)  race-wickedness,  the  ark  built,  vi ;  (4)  the  ark 
entered,  the  flood  prevails,  vii ;  (5)  the  flood  subsides,  the  ark 
left,  viii ;  (6)  God's  blessing  and  covenant,  ix,  1-17  ;  x,  32. 

STUDY  III.— Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  v,  24. 

Bead  Gen.  iv,  25,  26;  v,  1-5,  21-32.  Art  and  civiliza- 
tion having  just  been  outlined,  religion  is  placed  next 
as  the  great  principle  without  which  the  first  can  never 
truly  advance  the  race.  These  two,  religion  and  culture, 
need  even  now  to  be  more  fully  blended  together. 


42  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  simple  outline  map  of  the  lands  around  the 
eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  and  locate  in  it  as 


'3^ 


ac 


kSec 


■,^<l(^^ 


'^^^^^  Great  Se.%         ^     ^^^\ 


SEBA 


c^^ 


C    I 


I.Japhetic 
2.Semitic 
3  Hamiiic 


Map  6.     Early  Nations  and  Peoples. 

many  of  the  nations  or  peoples  mentioned  in  Gen.  x,  as 
you  can.  See  ]\Iap  6  in  text-book;  Blaikie,  Map  1;  Ott- 
ley,  Map  1,  and  references  under  Topic  7. 

STUDY  III. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  vi,  3. 

Eead  G-en.  vi.  Verse  15  shows  that  the  length  of  the 
ark  was  300  cubits,  its  breadth  50,  and  its  depth  30. 
Estimating  the  cubit  at  twenty-one  inches,  these  dimen- 
sions are  525  feet,  87^  feet,  and  52^  feet,  respectively. 
The  shape  is  relatively  broad  and  shallow,  as  is  fitting 
in  a  vessel  made  simply  to  float,  but  in  general  dimensions 
and  carrying  capacity  the  ark  answers  closely  to  the  larger 
ships  built  to-day. 


In  the  Beginning.  43 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  25-^3;  Ottley,  11-20;  Barnicott,  5-8;  Beardslee,33; 
Burney,  95;  Matheson,  I,  45-109;  W.  B.,  3-9,  25-32;  Price,  89- 
99;  Davis,  85-139;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  arts.  "Adam,"  "Eve," 
"Cain,"  "Abel,"  etc. 


STUDY  III. — Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  vii,  1. 

Eead  Gen.  vii.  Gibson  finely  observes,  "We  have  in  the 
life  of  Noah  a  witness  to  the  fact,  that  if  one  walks  with 
God,  if  one  really  leads  a  spiritual  life,  he  will  not  only 
be  victorious  over  death  as  Enoch  was,  but  over  Judgment." 
This  is  an  impressive  lesson  of  this  chapter. 

Topics    for    Personal     Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God  is  righteous  and  just.  Gen.  ix,  5,  6  ;  xviii,  25 ;  Deut. 
xxxii,  4 ;  Ezra  ix,  15  ;  Job  xxxiv,  10-12  ;  Psa.  xxxvi,  6 ;  cxlv,  17 ; 
Dan.  ix,  14;  Hos.  xiv,9;  John  xvii,  25;  Rev.  xvi,  7. 

2.  Abel,  the  first  martyr.  Matt,  xxiii,  35;  Heb.  xii,  24; 
1  John  iii,  12;  Matheson,  I,  45-66;  Dods,  34,  85. 

3.  Origin  of  arts  (Gen.  iv,  20-22) .  Blaikie,  27,  28,  31 ;  Davis, 
90-96 ;  Dods,  45-50. 

4.  "  The  sons  of  God  "  (Gen.  vi,  2,  4)  Sethi tes.  Blaikie,  31, 
32;  Davis,  101-106. 

5.  The  flood  local.     Davis,  129-131 ;  Dods,  55-57. 

6.  The  rainbow  sign  of  covenant.  Blaikie,  34 ;  Ottley,  16 ; 
Barnicott,  7,  8  ;  Dods,  72-74. 

7.  Table  of  nations  (Gen.  x).  Blaikie,  41.42;  Ottley,  16-20; 
Price,  97-99;  Driver  (Gen.),  112-132;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  Extra 
Vol.,  79-87;  Bib.  Eney.,  II,  1212-1215. 

STUDY  III. — Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  viii,  20. 

Eead  Gen.  viii.  On  verse  4,  the  N.  C.  B.,  147,  says: 
"Ararat  roughly  corresponds  to  Armenia,  and  is  the  dis- 
trict about  Lake  Van  referred  to  in  Assyrian  inscriptions 
as  Urartu.  The  particular  peak  is  often  identified  with 
the  highest  mountain  in  or  near  Urartu,  .  .  .  known  as 
Mount  Ararat."     See  Map  18. 


44 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  is  meant  by,  "Sin  eoucheth  at  the  door"  (Gen. 
iv,7)? 

2.  How  can  one  to-day  best  be  his  "brother's  keeper" 
(Gen.  iv,  9)  ? 

3.  What  is  the  effect  of  art  and  culture  apart  from  religion? 

4.  About  how  long  was  the  whole  period  of  the  flood  (Gen, 
vii,  11 ;  viii,  13,  14)  ? 

5.  Under  what  three  names  are  the  nations  ranged  as  given 
in  Gen.  x  ? 

STUDY  III.— Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  ix,  16. 

Eead  Gen.  ix,  1-17;  x,  33.  The  new  beginning  after 
the  flood  shows  the  inspiration  of  fresh  hope,  freedom 
from  the  past,  and  joy,  that  go  along  with  all  God's  work 
of  redemption. 

Personal  Thought. 

"Jehovah  shut  him  in."     (Gen.  vii,  17.) 

These  words  doubtless  carry  in  them  a  sense  of  seclusion 
and  exclusion  and  both  of  these  principles  enter  into  any 
process  by  which  one  comes  into  a  new  spiritual  life.  But 
far  beyond  these  is  the  sense  of  security  of  every  soul  that 
rests  in  the  fact  of  God's  own  method  and  act  of  protection. 

Do  you  rest  the  question  of  your  salvation  for  its  full 
answer  on  something  which  God  has  done  ?  Then  and  then 
only  can  you  have  complete  peace. 


GENES 


All     the    Other 
Old  Testament  Books 


St  u  d  i  e  5    I 


StudieslV.V    Studies  VI —XXV 


Probably  not  less  than  3.000  years  Z7. 


Chart  A.     Place  of  Genesis  in  the  Old  Testament. 
(ShoAvlng  why  five  Studies  are  given  to  this  one  book.) 


PAET  II. 
HEBEEW  RACE  FATHERS. 


FOURTH  WEEK. 
ABRAHAM  AND  ISAAC. 


STUDY  IV.— First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xii,  1. 
Read  Gen.  xi,  31 — xii,  9. 

Narrative. 
The  Bible  material,  even  before  the  period  to  be  sur-  Light  from 
veyed  in  Part  II,  begins  to  receive  clear  light  from  Orien-  •***«"'"**•• 

tal  research.  Professor  Price  says  concerning  Gen.  x: 
''Out  of  this  former  mysterious  l^st  of  proper  names,  the 
inscriptions  verify  the  accuracy  of  more  than  thirty,  by 
indicating  both  places  and  peoples.  The  inscriptions  both 
of  Egypt  and  of  Mesopotamia  also  corroborate  in  many 
particulars  the  statements  of  this  chapter.  In  a  word, 
this  table  is  a  limited  bird's-eye  view  of  ancient  nations, 
a  word-map  of  ancient  geography."^ 

Most  remarkable  have  been  the  discoveries  of  recent  Age  of  Abra- 
years  as  disclosing  features  of  the  age  in  which  Abraham  Hammurabi. 
lived.  "That  education  should  have  been  so  widely  dif- 
fused in  Babylonia  as  we  now  know  it  to  have  been,  women 
as  well  as  men  sharing  in  it,  is  a  truly  astonishing  fact."^ 
"  The  period  of  Hammurabi's  dynasty  was  one  of  great 
literary  activity,"  says  Johns;  and  concerning  his  cele- 
brated Code  he  states  that  "it  was  no  new  invention,' but 

1  Price,  98,  99.    See  Map  6,  page  42. 
zsayce  (Mon.  Facts),  35. 

45 


46  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

codified  the  customary  law  of  the  country."^  Eogers  also 
says,  "Nineveh  was  the  center  of  a  kingdom  of  warriors, 
Babylon  the  abode  of  scholars ;  and  the  well-spring  of  all 
this  is  to  be  found  in  the  work  of  Hammurabi."* 

Professor  Sayce  also  shows  that  the  way  in  which 
Abraham  purchased  the  cave  of  Machpelah,  and  many  de- 
tails in  the  account  of  Hagar  are  made  plain  by  the  pro- 
visions of  Babylonian  commercial  law  and  of  the  code  of 
Hammurabi,^  discovered  at  Susa  in  1901 ;  and  he  now 
fully  accepts  and  gives  the  evidence  proving  that  this  mon- 
arch is  the  same  as  Amraphel  of  Genesis  xiv,  1.® 
Ur  and  Haran.  Ur  (Gen.  xi,  28,  31),  the  native  city  or  district  of 
Abraham,  situated  near  the  Euphrates,  and  perhaps  at 
that  early  date  on  the  shore  of  the  Persian  Gulf,  though 
now  125  to  150  miles  inland  from  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
has  been  fully  identified.  The  site  of  Haran  (Gen.  xi,  31) 
was  about  600  miles  to  the  northwest. 
Pounder  of  the  The  word  "Hebrew"  (Gen.  xiv,  13),  probably  meaning 
Hebrew  Race,  ci  beyond"  the  river,  may  refer  to  the  coming  of  Abraham 
and  his  family  from  Haran,  as  east  of  the  Euphrates 
or  the  Jordan  to  the  Canaanites,  among  whom  the  He- 
brews came.''  Standing  first  among  the  fathers  or  founders 
of  this  race,  Abraham®  becomes  one  of  the  most  illus- 
trious characters  of  all  history.  From  him  God's  chosen 
people,  the  Jewish  nation,  sprang.  By  his  willing  obedi- 
ence and  faith  in  separating  himself  from  his  former  asso- 
ciations and  going  forth  into  an  unknown  land,  he  insti- 
tuted the  Church  or  kingdom  of  spiritual  religion  in  the 
earth;  and  the  devout  believers  of  every  age  and  tongue 


8 Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  Extra  Vol.,  588. 

4  Rogers,  I,  393. 

fiSee  also  Davies,  67,  68;  Johns,  28,  29;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  Extra  Vol.. 
e03;  paragraphs  145, 146,  of  Code. 

6  Sayce  (Mon.  Facts),  59,  60.  See,  also.  Driver  (Gen.),  166;  Rogers,  I, 
889-393,  Davies,  I,  8. 

T  Driver  (Gen.),  138;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "Hebrew." 

SHoramei  shows  from  contract  tablets  that  the  name  "Abraham  " 
was  current  in  Babylonia  even  two  generations  earlier  than  the  time 
of  Hammurabi.    Hast.  Bib  Diet.,  I,  227. 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  47 

look  back  to  him  as  the  father  of  the  faithful.  Matheson 
shows  that  he  entered  into  the  same  mission  in  his  day  that 
Jesus  in  full  measure  carried  out  in  the  gospel  era.  "An 
empire  rises  to  his  view — an  empire  such  as  man  had  never 
seen.  It  stretches  to  all  ends  of  the  earth — north,  south, 
east,  west.  It  embraces  all  ages  of  time — it  is  to  endure 
forever.  It  comprehends  all  varieties  of  men — its  inhab- 
itants are  to  be  as  the  dust  of  the  earth  for  multitudes. 
And  above  all,  it  is  a  kingdom  whose  foundation  is  to  be 
laid  in  righteousness."^  Therefore,  Christ  could  say,  "Your 
father  Abraham  rejoiced  to  see  my  day;  and  he  saw  it, 
and  was  glad."     (John  viii,  56.) 

The  main  features  of  the  life  of  Abraham  may  be  His  Life  m 
sketched  briefly.  The  date  of  the  reign  of  Hammurabi  **"*""*• 
would  now  carry  the  period  of  his  calls  and  entrance  into 
Canaan  approximately  to  2250  B.  C.^"  From  Haran,  on 
his  second  call,  he  probably  went  west  by  way  of  Carche- 
mish,  south  by  Damascus,  crossed  the  Jordan  at  the 
Damieh  Ford,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Jabbok,  and  then 
followed  the  Wady  Farah  northwest  to  Shechem." 

The  general  course  of  the  stages  of  Abraham's  life  are  Locations. 
marked  by  locations,  extending  southward  from  Shechem. 
He  sojourned  at  Bethel  both  before  and  after  his  visit 
to  Egypt  on  account  of  a  famine  (Gen.  xii,  8-20;  xiii,  1- 
17).  Later  he  dwelt  at  Hebron  (Gen.  xiii,  18;  xiv-xix)  ; 
Gerar  (xx,  xxi),  and  Beersheba  (xxi,  31-34;  xxii,  19). 
At  Hebron  he  bought  the  field  and  cave  of  Machpelah 
for  a  burial-place,  and  there  Sarah  and  Abraham  himself 
were  buried.     (Gen.  xxiii;  xxv,  7-10;  xlix,  29-32.) 

Passages  of  supreme  interest  in  Abraham's  career  are  Paitb  in 
those  which  reveal  his  faith  in  God  in  responding  to  the^*^'*""* 
early   call,   and   in   going   forth   "not    knowing   whither 
he  went;"  his  magnanimous  and  spiritual  ideal  in  giving 

9  Matheson,  1, 125. 

10  Rogers   I.  338,  388;  Driver  (Gen.),  156;  Harper,  The  Code  of  Ham- 
murabi (1903),  xi;  Da  vies  (1905),  7. 

u  Driver  (Gen.),  146;  Stewart,  146;  Smith,  828,833;  MacOoun,  II,  11. 


48  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

to  Lot  the  choice  of  territory;  his  energy  and  ability  in 
the  defeat  of  the  kings;  his  noble  persistency  of  interces- 
sion for  the  righteous  remnant  of  Sodom,  and  the  sub- 
limity of  his  devotion  to  the  will  of  God  in  his  preparation 
to  offer  up  Isaac,  ^2  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  in  his 
places  of  sojourn  he  is  ever  building  an  altar  unto  Je- 
hovah.^^ 
isaaaand  In  Isaac  the  Bible  gives  the  portrait  of  a  character  in 

the  Pa«5ive     which  the  passive  virtues  disclose  their  charm.     His  more 

VirtuM.  ^ 

quiet  part  seems  to  be  to  conserve  the  good  influences  and 

higher  beginnings  left  by  his  father.  He  dwells  in  the  cir- 
cle of  retired  shepherd  experiences  in  the  South  Country 
where  he  was  born.  Even  his  wife  is  sought  for  him 
among  his  kindred  in  Haran,  and  brought  by  faithful 
Eliezer,  and  when  she  arrives  he  is  walking  in  the  field  in 
meditation.  (Gen.  xxiv.)  But  not  least  among  the  treas- 
ures of  Scripture  must  be  counted  this  sketch  of  divinely 
directed  and  happy  marriage,  and  these  recurring  glimpses 
in  early  race  annals  of  the  free  action  of  womanhood,  of 
honor  accorded  the  gentler  virtues,  which  makes  it  modern 
and  pulsating  with  the  living  standards  of  to-day. 


Upon  the  death  of  a  prominent  American  poli- 
tician some  years  ago,  a  great  metropolitan  daily 
noted  the  fact  that  in  a  public  career  of  more  than 
twenty-five  years,  this  man's  name  had  never  been 
identified  v/ith  any  great  movement.  For  a  man  so 
to  live  is  for  him  to  live  for  naught.  Life  becomes 
potential  as  it  becomes  an  embodiment  of  some 
great  truth  or  principle.  The  characters  noted  in 
this  Study  illustrate  that  great  thing  which  v/e  call 
faith.  A  conspicuous  living  leader  recently  defined 
faith  as  "the  accepting  as  absolutely  true  the  things 
which  are  eternal." 

12  Gen.  xlli,  5-13;  xiv,  13-24;  xvlll,  1&-33;  xxil,  1-19. 

13  Gen.  xli,  7,  8;  xill,  4, 18;  xxli,  9. 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  49 

STUDY  IV. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xiii,  16. 

Eead  Gen.  xiii.     The  alternatives  offered  by  Abraham 
(vs.  9),  the  choice  made  by  Lot  (vs.  11),  and  the  results 
which  came  to  each,  form  a  most  impressive  lesson  con- 
cerning the  spiritual  as  contrasted  with  the  worldly  life. 
Scripture  Outline.     Second  Division  of  Genesis. 

The  Patriarchal  Period,  Gen.  xi,  27—1,  26 :  (1)  Generations 
of  Terah,  xi,  27— xxv,  11;  (2)  Of  Ishmael,  xxv,  12-18;  (3)  Of 
Isaac,  xxv,  19 — xxxv,  29;  (4)  Of  Esau,  xxxvi,  1 — xxxvii,  1; 
(5)  Of  Jacob,  xxxvii,  2—1,  26.     For  First  Div.,  see  Study  I. 

STUDY  IV.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xiv,  20. 

Eead  Gen.  xiv.  This  chapter,  in  view  of  the  light  from 
Oriental  research  and  history  which  has  gathered  about 
it,  and  the  questions  and  discussions  to  which  it  has  given 
rise,  has  become  one  of  the  most  notable  passages  of  the 
Old  Testament. 
Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  simple  outline  map  embracing  the  section  from 
the  Euphrates  Valley  to  Egypt,  and  mark  the  principal 
journeys  of  Abraham,  locating  TJr,  Haran,  Dan,  Shechem, 


^    <ri^  n».'-;^ 


omo   ^DAMASCUS 
SH£CH£,fif    l^ 


M^fHeipX 


„-l-S .A 

Map  7.    From  Babylonia  to  Egypt. 
Sections  1,  2,  5—10,  Main  Journeys  of  Abraham. 

Bethel,  Hebron,  Gerar,  Beersheba,  and  Zoan  in  Egypt. 
See  Map  7  in  text-book;  Blaikie,  Maps  2,  3,  4;  Ottley, 
Map  1 ;  MacCoun  II,  Maps  60,  63,  66 ;  Bamicott,  Map. 


50  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  IV. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xviii,  25.] 

Read  Gen.  xviii,  16-33.  "Abraham  had  been  living  an 
unworldly  life,  in  which  intercourse  with  God  was  a 
familiar  employment.  His  prayer  was  but  the  seasonable 
flower  of  his  life,  nourished  to  all  its  beauty  by  the  habitual 
nutriment  of  past  years."^* 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  55-74;  Ottley,  28-41;  Barnicott,  10-17;  Beardslee, 
33,  34  ;  Burney,  38,  50-58 ;  Matheson,  1, 110-151 ;  II,  1-61 ;  W.  B., 
3-9,  25-32;  Price,  97-102;  Scott,  entire. 

STUDY  IV.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxii,  8. 

Eead  Gen.  xxii.  The  two  great  lessons  of  this  trial 
of  Abraham  are  finely  stated  by  Driver:  "The  sacrifice 
though  commanded  was  not  exacted.  .  .  .  The  nar- 
rative teaches  the  value  set  by  God  upon  the  surrender 
of  self,  and  obedience;  and  it  demonstrates  the  moral 
superiority  of  Jehovah's  religion  above  the  religions  of 
Israel's  neighbors." 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  The  worship  of  God.  Gen.  iv,  26;  xii,  7,  8;  xiii,  4; 
1  Chron.  xvi,  29;  Psa.  xcv,  6;  Isa.  Ixvi,  23;  John  iv,  20-24; 
Rev.  xxii,  9. 

2.  Elements  of  Abraham's  character.  Blaikie,  72 ;  Ottley, 
33;  Matheson,  I,  110-129;  Scott,  82-84;  Bib.  Ency.,  I,  27. 

3.  Hammurabi  or  Amraphel  (Gen.  xiv,  1).  Driver  (Gen.), 
156;  Sayce  (Hon.  Facts ),  58-60 ;  Rogers,  I,  388-394;  Hast.  Bib. 
Diet.,  I,  88  ;  Extra  Vol.,  585-588. 

4.  Ur  of  the  Chaldees  (Gen.  xi,  28).  Blaikie,  55,  56 ;  Price, 
99 ;  Dods,  83,  84 ;  Scott,  10-12 ;  Rogers,  I,  371-378. 

5.  Hebron.     Blaikie,  62 ;  Smith,  317,  318 ;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet. 

6.  Sarah.     Scott,  73,  74. 

7.  Cities  of  the  Plain  and  their  destruction.  Blaikie,  66-69 ; 
Dods,  191-197  ;  Driver  (Gen.),  168-171,  202,  203 ;  Smith,  505-511 ; 
Bib.  Ency. 

8.  Origin  of  the  term  "Hebrew."  Ottley,  26,  27;  Hast. 
Bib.  Diet. 

14  Dods,  186. 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  51 

9.  The  si^iritual  import  of  circumcision.  Ottley,  32,  33; 
Burney,  54 ;  Dods,  167, 168 ;  Scott,  50,  51. 

STUDY  IV.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxiv,  67. 

Eead  Gen.  xxiv,  1-15,  50-67.  The  whole  chapter  is 
most  interesting  from  many  points  of  view;  especially 
does  it  present  a  wealth  of  details  of  Oriental  social  life 
and  conventional  observance. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  city  or  region  was  the  birthplace  of  Abraham? 

2.  What  are  the  names  of  three  cities  where  he  sojourned 
in  the  land  of  promise? 

3.  What  are  some  of  his  traits  of  character  ? 

4.  How  would  you  describe  by  way  of  contrast  the  char- 
acter of  Lot  ? 

5.  From  what  pLice  did  Rebekah,  the  wife  of  Isaac,  come? 

STUDY  IV. — Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxv,  27. 

Eead  Gen.  xxv,  27-34;  xxvi,  17-25.  With  remark- 
able insight  and  suggestiveness  two  types  of  human  nature 
are  given  in  the  sketch  of  Esau  and  Jacob. 

Personal  Thought. 

"And  he  believed  in  Jehovah;  and  he  reckoned  it  to 
Him  for  righteousness.     (Gen.  xv,  6.) 

Has  this  great  principle,  which  lies  at  the  center  of 
God's  spiritual  kingdom  in  men's  hearts  in  all  ages,  en- 
tered into  my  life — righteousness,  not  by  my  good  works, 
but  by  faith? 


PART  II.— FIFTH  "WEEK. 
JACOB  AND  JOSEPH. 


STUDY  V. — First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxviii,  17. 
Eead  Gen.  xxviii,  10-22, 

Narrative. 
The  Bible  a  A  feature  of  the  Bible  which  is  without  parallel  is  the 

True  Mirror,  absolute  fidelity  with  which  it  presents  the  moral  life  of 
its  characters,  disclosing  the  bad  actions  and  traits  as  cer- 
tainly as  the  good.  This  has  already  been  seen  in  the  cases 
of  Adam,  Eve,  Noah,  Abraham,  Sarah,  and  Eebekah. 
Along  with  what  is  commendable,  each  has  exhibited  some 
form  of  weakness  and  sin,  and  it  is  generally  easy  to  dis- 
cern the  evil  results  which  flow  from  these  imperfections 
and  moral  lapses.  It  is  also  plain  that  some  of  their 
faults  are  due  to  the  imperfect  and  crude  standards  of 
social  and  moral  life  which  prevailed  in  these  primitive 
times.  The  important  point  to  note  is  that  the  standard 
in  one  way  and  another  is  being  constantly  raised.  God, 
by  the  very  consequences  of  sin,  not  only  in  the  examples 
of  great  judgments  like  the  flood  and  the  overthrow  of 
the  cities  of  the  Plain,  but  also  in  the  sad  and  shameful 
episodes  among  his  own  followers  in  steadily  setting  before 
the  race  the  true  conditions  of  spiritual  progress. 
Jacob's  Mixed  Jacob  is  perhaps  the  extreme  instance  among  prom- 
Nature  and  inent  Bible  characters  for  the  variety  and  persistence  of 
**''*  these  selfish  and  unseemly  tendencies,  along  with  nobler 

elements  and  aspirations  which  are  sufficient  to  enlist  the 
favor  of  God  and  in  the  end  win  for  the  patriarch  spir- 
itual victory.  Often  a  rich  nature  is  marked  in  youth 
by  conflicting  tendencies  and  later  becomes  clarified,  as 
some  great  call  or  purpose  rises  into  control.     Thus  it  is 

52 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  53 

that  Jacob,  rightly  named  "^supplanter,"  finally  becomes 
Israel,  a  "Prince  of  God."  If  even  at  the  beginning  he 
may  have  yearned  for  the  priestly  privilege  of  the  birth- 
right, he  did  not  see  the  service  and  devotion  to  others 
involved  in  it  till  he  came  to  his  dream  at  Bethel  and  his 
wrestling   at   Peniel. 

In  broad  outline  it  is  to  be  noted  that  Jacob,  after  Years  of 
leaving  the  home  at  Beersheba,  and  having  his  night  ^''s''''""*®* 
vision  at  Bethel,  found  in  the  ancestral  Haran  or  Paddan- 
aram  ^  the  household  of  his  uncle  Laban.  where  he  abode 
for  twenty  years,  married  Leah  and  Rachel,  and  from 
them  and  their  handmaids  begat  the  sons  who  gave  names 
to  most  of  the  Hebrew  tribes;  that  with  his  large  family, 
with  flocks  and  herds,  he  returned  to  the  promised  land, 
being  reconciled  to  Esau  after  a  night  of  prayer  at  Penuel ; 
that  he  dwelt  chiefly  at  Shechem  and  Hebron,  went  late 
in  life  to  Joseph  in  Egypt,  where  he  died  and  was  buried 
at  Hebron.     Gen.  xxviii — xxxvi;  xlvi,  1 — 1,  13. 

The  career  of  Joseph,  as  pictured  in  Genesis,  is  strik- Joseph  a 
ingly  romantic.  It  is  not  difficult  to  pardon  the  youthful  '^**'''*  ^^^^' 
egotism,  the  unconscious  self-disclosure  of  his  early  years, 
in  view  of  the  splendid  reserve  and  self-mastery,  and  the 
constant  fraternal,  filial,  and  humanitarian  love  which 
pervade  all  his  later  life.  He  gives  the  demonstration,  so 
rare  in  the  Old  Testament,  that  joy  and  blessing  result 
directly  from  pain  and  mishap.  Therefore  he  could  say 
to  his  brothers,  "It  was  not  you  that  sent  me  hither,  but 
God  ...  As  for  you,  ye  meant  evil  against  me;  but 
God  meant  it  for  good  to  bring  to  pass,  as  it  is  this  day,  to 
save  much  people  alive."  Moreover,  "It  is  not  surprising 
that  he  should  often  have  been  regarded  as  a  type  of 
Christ."^ 

Sayce,  Driver,  and  others  agree  that  Joseph's  years  in  Egyptian 
Effvpt  fall  in  the  times  of  the  Hvksos  kings.^     As  these  "''*'*''y  ^*" 

^'^^  •'  *=■  ing  Witness. 

iGen.  xxviii,  2;  xxix,  4. 

2  Gen.  xlv,  8;  1,  20;  Driver,  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  II,  770. 

3  Sayce  (Jos.  and  L.  E.),  47,  98;  Driver  (Gen.),  347;  Price,  100, 


54  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

were  Semites  and  therefore  kindred  in  race  to  the  He- 
brews, the  reception  which  Abraham  found  at  the  Egyp- 
tian court  and  the  exaltation  of  Joseph  though  a  slave 
to  the  post  of  vizier  or  prime  minister  have  a  natural  ex- 
planation. A  Hyksos  Pharaoh  seems  to  have  had  the 
name  Jacob-el,  and  this  name  and  the  name  Joseph-el  are 
found  in  cuneiform  inscriptions  of  the  patriarchal  age. 
"  They  belong  to  that  age  and  to  no  later  one."*  Many 
allusions  and  phrases  reveal  the  Egyptian  setting  and 
atmosphere  in  these  later  chapters  of  Genesis.  The  run- 
ners shouted  abrech  before  Joseph  (Gen.  xli,  43,  Am,  V,, 
margin).  It  is  probably  a  Babylonian  term  used  in  Egypt, 
meaning  "the  seer."^  Joseph's  phrase,  "By  the  life  of 
Pharaoh"  (Gen.  xlii,  15,  16),  was  the  most  sacred  oath 
an  Egyptian  could  take,  and  is  found  on  the  monuments. 
Such  points  of  connection  with  Egypt  are  thickly  strewn 
through  the  entire  narrative. 


Jacob  and  Joseph, — shrewdness  and  innocence, 
connivance  and  trustfulness,  selfishness  and  mag- 
nanimity ; — of  -what  opposite  extremes  is  human 
nature  capable ! 


STUDY  V. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxxii,  28. 

Eead  Gen.  xxxii,  22 — xxxiii.  The  struggle  of  Jacob  at 
Penuel  represents  the  crisis  of  his  life,  and  results  in  such 
a  change  of  character  as  is  expressed  by  his  new  name. 
He  is  now  prepared  in  the  right  spirit  to  meet  and  win  his 
brother  Esau.  To  be  in  close  touch  with  God  is  the  secret 
of  success  in  spiritually  winning  men. 
Scripture  Outline. 

Chapter  names  of  the  last  twenty-five  chapters  of  Genesis : 
26.  Isaac  at  Gerar  and  Beersheba ;  27.  Isaac's  blessings  ob- 
tained by  Jacob  and  Esau ;  28.  Jacob  at  Bethel ;  29.  Jacob's 


4  Sayce  (Jos.  and  L.  B.),  26,  27. 

6  Ibid.,  55,77;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  ".45rec;i." 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  55 


wives ;  30.  Jacob's  children  and  property  ;  31.  Jacob  and  Laban 
at  Mizpah ;  32.  Jacob  at  Penuel ;  33.  Jacob  meets  Esau ;  34 
At  Shechem ;  35.  Jacob  journeys  south,  death  of  Rachel  and 
Isaac ;  36.  Generations  of  Esau ;  37.  Early  life  of  Joseph  and 
his  going  into  Egypt ;  38.  Judah  and  Tamar ;  39.  Joseph  as  a 
slave  and  in  prison ;  40.  Interpreting  dreams ;  41.  Pharaoh's 
dream,  Joseph  exalted;  42.  The  brothers'  first  trip  to  Egypt; 
43.  Second  trip  to  Egypt ;  44.  The  cup  in  the  sack ;  45.  Good 
news  for  Joseph's  brothers  and  father;  46.  Israel  goes  into 
Egypt ;  47.  Before  Pharaoh  and  in  Goshen ;  48.  Jacob  blesses 
Ephraim  and  Manasseh ;  49.  Jacob  blesses  the  other  tribal 
heads,  his  death ;  50.  Jacob's  funeral,  Joseph's  death. 

STUDY  v.— Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xxxvii,  11. 

Read  Gen.  xxxvii.  Joseph,  like  Christ,  "came  unto 
his  own,  and  they  received  him  not"  (John  i,  11),  but 
sold  him  "for  twenty  pieces  of  silver"  (vs.  28),  as  Christ 
was  betrayed  for  thirty.  His  father  "kept  the  saying  in 
mind"  (vs.  11),  as  Mary  "kept  all  these  sapngs,  pondering 
them  in  her  heart"  (Luke  ii,  19).  Trace  the  other  points 
of  typical  import  as  the  story  progresses. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  an  outline  map  of  the  territory  from  Haran  to 
Zoan  in  Egypt,  and  mark  the  journey  of  Jacob  from  He- 
bron to  Haran  and  return  by  Shechem  and  Bethel  to  He- 
bron, and  the  journey  of  Joseph  from  Hebron  to  Dothan 
and  to  Zoan.  See  Maps  1  and  7  in  text-book;  Blaikie, 
Maps  2  and  4;  Ottley,  Maps  1  and  2;  MacCoun,  II,  Maps, 
60,  65,  66. 

STUDY  V — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xli,  16. 

Eead  Gen.  xxxix,  1-6,  19-23 ;  xli,  1-16,  37-45.  Bless- 
ing, temptation,  integrity,  prison,  interpretation,  exalta- 
tion, follow  each  other  with  dramatic  swiftness  in  these 
chapters. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  74-86;  Ottley,  50-55;  Barnicott,  16-27;  Beardslee, 
34;  Burney,  38,  41,  50-52;  Matheson,  I,  152-195;  W.  B.,  13-21; 
Price,  102-109  ;  Sayce  (Jos.  and  L.  E.),  entire. 


56  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  v.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xliii,  14. 

Eead  Gen.  xlii,  1-5;  xliii,  1-15.  It  is  the  need  of  spir- 
itual bread  that  brings  men  to  Christ,  even  as  the  need 
of  food  brough  Joseph's  kindred  to  him. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God's  providence.  Gen.  xxii,  8,  13,  14;  xxxvii,  25-27; 
xxxix,3;  xlv,  7,  8 ;  1,  20;  Job  xxiii,  10;  Psa.  xxxvii,  23;  Matt, 
vi,  11 ;  X,  29-Sl ;  Acts  xvii,  28 ;  Rom.  vii,  28.^ 

2.  Jacob's  new  name  at  Penuel.  Blaikie,  77,  78 ;  Barnicott, 
19,  20;  Matheson,  I,  166-169;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  II,  529,  530. 

3.  Shechem,  Blaikie,  59,  60;  Ottley,  45;  Stewart,  146-152. 
(The  last  includes  good  notice  of  Jacob's  well  and  Joseph's 
tomb.) 

4.  Joseph  as  a  type  of  Christ.  Blaikie,  82;  Gibson,  Ages 
Before  Moses,  197-201. 

5.  Egypt  from  Menes  to  close  of  dynasty  XVII.  Sayce 
(Jos.  and  L.  E.),  41^9,  104;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  657-660. 

6.  Egyptian  customs  illustrating  the  story  of  Joseph. 
Blaikie,  89-105;  Price,  102-109:  Sayce  (Jos.  and  L.  E.),  30-107. 

STUDY  v.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xlv,  7. 

Read  Gen.  xliv — xlv,  15.  The  plea  of  Judah  in  the 
forty-fourth  chapter  and  the  scene  of  J  oseph  making  him- 
self known  to  his  brethren  form  one  of  the  most  thrilling 
passages  of  the  Bible. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  is  the  meaning  of  the  two  names  of  Jacob  (Gen. 
XXV,  26;  xxxii,  28)? 

2.  How  old  was  Joseph  when  he  was  sold  into  Egypt  ? 

3.  Which  one  of  his  brothers  wished  to  rescue  him  ? 

4.  Which  one  was  kept  as  hostage  in  the  first  visit  to 
Egypt? 

5.  Which  two  urged  Jacob  to  permit  Benjamin  to  go  in  the 
second  visit,  and  which  of  these  pleaded  for  Benjamin's  return  ? 

6.  What  two  powerful  Israelitish  tribes  sprang  from 
Joseph  ? 

7.  Which  one  of  Jacob's  sons  appears  to  be  most  highly 
honored  in  his  closing  prophecy,  in  chapter  xlix? 


6  See  also  Burney,  48,  72,  93,  94, 124. 


Hebrew  Race  Fathers.  57 


STUDY  V. — Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Gen.  xlix,  10. 

Eead  Gen.  xlix,  22-36,  and  chapter  1.  Joseph's  words 
in  Gen.  1,  25,  show  that  he  firmly  held  the  faith  of  his 
people. 

Personal  Thought. 

"See  that  ye  fall  not  out  by  the  way."  (Gen.  xlv,  24.) 
It  is  not  enough  to  get  our  fellows  into  the  right  way, 
even  though  this  has  been  brought  about  with  great  effort 
and  sacrifice.  Perhaps  an  equally  important  work  is  to  see 
that  converts  are  kept  in  the  right  way.  Am  I  doing  my 
part  in  securing  this  result? 


PAET  III. 
HEBEEW  NATION  FOUNDERS. 


SIXTH  WEEK. 
MOSES  AjSTD  the  LAW. 


and  the 
Exodus 


STUDY  VI. — First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Ex.  iii,  5. 
Eead  Ex.  i,  8-14;  ii,  1-15;  iii,  1-14. 

Narrative. 

The  Sojourn  More  and  more  clearly  is  scholarly  investigation  assur- 

ing the  reality  of  the  great  fundamental  facts  of  Israel's 
history.  A  recent  work.  The  Sojourn  in  Goshen  and  the 
Exodus,  by  Dr.  Spiegelberg,  offers  the  strongest  attesta- 
tion of  the  occurrence  of  these  chapters  in  Hebrew  devel- 
opment. The  second  of  these  periods,  with  Moses  and 
Aaron  as  the  chief  actors,  and  the  divine  disclosures  of  law 
and  national  destiny  give  the  broad  outlines  of  the  present 
Study. 
Great  Events  The  bridging  of  the  long  interval  from  the  date  of 
and  Actor*      ^xahsjod  to  the  date  of  the  Exodus  has  not  yet  been  made 

Can  Await  *' 

Right  Time  clear  by  Oriental  discoveries.  It  is  possible  that  the  solu- 
Measures.  ^^^^  ^^^^  -^^  ^^  p^^^  ^^^  bringing  of  the  date  of  Ham- 
murabi forward,  when  more  light  is  obtained  on  Baby- 
lonian king-lists.  It  is  also  possible  that  some  change 
from  the  date  of  the  Exodus  as  1277  B.  C,  the  year 
named  by  Professor  Sayce,^  and  approved  by  others,  may 
become  evident.  But  all  this  does  not  alter  the  fact  of  the 
immense  bearing  of  this  event  on  the  fortunes  and  foimd- 
ing  of  the  Hebrew  nation,  nor  of  the  grandeur  of  the  mis- 
sion of  Moses  as  a  leader  and  lawgiver. 


1  Sayce,  Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  151;  Ottley,  56;  Price,  118. 

58 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  59 

Moses  is  one  of  the  supreme  characters  of  all  human  Moses  and 
history,  marked  from  birth  as  a  child  of  providence  in  his  ^*™°' 
rescue  from  the  Nile,  and  adoption  by  an  Egyptian  prin- 
cess, with  his  mother  as  nurse.  His  education  at  the 
Egyptian  court,  espousal  of  the  cause  of  his  people,  years 
of  meditative  preparation  in  Midian,  with  the  marvelous 
call  of  God  through  the  burning  bush,  led  him  up  to  his 
main  lifework.  Aaron,  his  brotlier,  is  joined  with  him 
as  spokesman  and  first  in  the  line  of  priesthood.  Pre- 
senting themselves  as  God's  chosen  agents  of  deliverance, 
they  receive  the  confidence  of  their  race.    Ex.  i — iv. 

The  departure  of  the  Hebrew  people  from  Egypt  is  contest  with 
preceded  by  a  stupendous  contest  with  the  pride  and  '"hard-  '*''■'■*"''• 
ness  of  heart"  of  Paraoh,  in  which  ten  great  plagues,  one 
after  the  other,  are  visited  on  the  Egyptian  people  and 
court,  the  last  being  the  slaying  of  the  firstborn,  while 
the  Israelites  are  shielded  from  the  stroke  of  Jehovah  by 
the  sprinkled  blood.     Ex.  v — xii. 

^Yhen  the  hour  at  last  arrived  when  the  exodus  march  out  of  Bond- 
could  begin,  the  people  probably  moved  from  the  land  of  g?*  f*"*  "' 
Goshen,  past  the  region  of  the  cities  of  Eaamses  and  Pithom- 
(Ex.  i,  11;  xii,  37),  which  they  had  built,  and  then  in 
a  southeasterly  direction  till  they  came  to  the  northern  arm 
of  the  Eed  Sea,  where  at  first  they  were  hemmed  in  by 
the  sea,  the  mountain,  and  the  pursuing  Egyptian  forces. 
*'A  strong  east  wind,"  continuing  all  night  (Ex.  xiv,  21), 
caused  such  a  path  of  escape  across  the  sea  that  they 
passed  over  "as  by  dry  land;  which  the  Egvptiaus,  essay- 
ing to  do,  were  swallowed  up"  (Heb.  xi,  29).  Their 
farther  course,  with  various  camping-places  and  times  of 
trial,  bitter  complaints  lightened  by  seasons  of  refresh- 
ment and  the  beginning  of  the  supply  of  manna,  brought 
them  to  Mount  Sinai,  probably  Jebel  Musa.  There  they 
remained  a  year,  receiving  important  parts  of  the  law  and 


2  BaU,  Light  from  the  East,  109-112,  fuUy  illustrates  from  Egyptian 
monuments  the  making  of  brick,  and  the  winnowing  and  storing  of 
wheat  In  the  granaries  by  forced  labor. 


6o 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Kadesb- 
Barnea  to 
Bast  Jordanlc 
Settlement. 


Mosaic 
Legislation. 


constructing  the  tabernacle,  in  which  God  manifested  his 
presence.     Ex.  ziii — xl;  Lev.  i — xxvii;  ISTum.  i — ix. 

Next  to  Sinai  the  most  important  location  in  the  wil- 
derness experiences  of  Israel  was  Kadesh-barnea,  about  150 
miles  northward,  (Num.  xiii,  26;  xx;  Deut.  i,  19,  46.) 
Giving  ear  to  the  report  of  the  ten  spies  instead  of  heeding 
the  words  of  Caleb  and  Joshua,  by  their  cowardice  and 
unbelief,  all  the  rest  of  the  generation  that  came  out  of 
Egypt  passed  away  in  the  other  thirty-eight  years  of  desert 
wanderings.  (Num.  xiv,  20-31;  xxvi,  64,  65.)  While 
this  sentence  would  not  include  Moses  and  Aaron,  their 
own  failure  in.  obedience  caused  that  the  latter  should 
find  his  last  resting-place  on  Mt.  Hor,  perhaps  Jebel 
Madurali  (Moserah,  Deut.  x,  6),  northeast  of  Kadesh,^ 
and  the  latter  on  Mt.  Nebo,  about  opposite  the  north  end 
of  the  Dead  Sea  (Deut.  xxxiv,  1,  5,  6).  But,  before  the 
great  leader  finished  his  work,  the  Hebrew  host  com- 
passed the  land  of  Edom,  south  of  the  Dead  Sea,  passed 
through  the  land  of  Moab,  east  of  the  same ;  conquered  the 
territory  east  of  the  Jordan,  and  settled  there  the  tribes 
of  Eeuben  and  Gad  and  the  half-tribe  of  Manasseh.  Num. 
xxi — xxxii. 

In  considering  the  body  of  legislation  which  is  given 
in  the  Books  of  Moses,  emphasis  should  be  laid  on  the 
following  portions:  1.  The  Decalogue  or  Ten  Command- 
ments, Ex.  XX,  2-17.  "These  are  a  summary  of  Divine 
revelation  so  absolutely  fundamental  and  comprehensive 
that  on  them  hang  all  the  law  and  the  prophets."*  2.  A 
Book  of  the  Covenant,  attached  to  the  Decalogue,  has 
been  seen  in  the  portion,  Ex.  xx,  22 — xxiii,  19,  giving  sim- 
ple primitive  directions,  and  together  this  portion  has  been 
called  the  Sinaitic  Code.  3.  Portions  of  Exodus  and  Num- 
bers and  all  of  Leviticus  are  often  now  spoken  of  as  the 
Levitical  Code,  and  within  this.  Lev.  xvii — xxvi,  is  some- 


3 MacConn,  11,  24,  25,  Maps  72,  73;  Stewart,  247,  248;  Num.  xx,  27,  28. 
4  Terry,  Moses  and  the  Prophets,  28,  29. 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  6i 


times  called  the  Law  of  Holiness.  4.  The  more  popular 
and  feeling  statement  of  the  law  in  Deuteronomy  is  termed 
the  Deuteronomic  Code.  "The  Biblical  order  is :  Book  of 
the  Covenant,  Levitical  Code, Deuteronomic  Code,  but  they 
are  ascribed  to  different  times,  although  these  periods  all 
fall  within  the  lifetime  of  Moses."^  Others  hold  a  differ- 
ent view,  and  place  them  far  apart  in  time.  The  whole 
range  of  Mosaic  legislation  may  be  classed,  in  a  general 
way,  as  (1)  Moral  or  Social  and  (.2)  Ceremonial.  As  a 
means  of  comparison  with  the  first  division,  especially  that 
side  of  it  which  is  social  and  judicial,  the  recently  dis- 
covered Code  of  Hammurabi  has  been  wonderfully  sug- 
gestive. It  removes  the  objection  that  a  code  of  laws  so 
extensive  and  specific  as  those  of  Moses  could  not  be  put 
in  writing  at  so  early  an  age,  for  the  other  code  goes  back 
centuries  earlier.  After  the  most  careful  weighing  by 
many  students  the  general  conclusion  is  well  expressed 
by  a  strong  recent  author:  "I  confess  with  satisfaction 
and  joy  that  the  contents  of  the  Code  of  Hammurabi  have 
deepened  my  conviction  of  the  Divine  character  of  the 
Torah."« 


Great  men  make  great  nations.  Great  men  are 
made  through  great  revelations.  Divine  truth  is 
the  foundation  of  all  true  greatness,  whether  in- 
dividual or  national. 


STUDY  VI.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Ex.  xiv,  15. 

Eead  Ex.  xiv.  That  God  employed  a  natural  agency, 
the  "strong  east  wind"  (vs.  21),  to  drive  back  the  waters 
and  open  a  passage  across  this  part  of  the  sea,  does  not 
diminish  the  supernatural  character  of  this  great  experi- 
ence in  the  birth  of  Israel  as  a  nation. 


5  Robertson,  Early  Religion  of  Israel,  II,  132, 133. 

6  Johannes  Jereniias,  Moses  and  Hammurabi,  (1903). 


62 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Scripture  Outline. 

Exodus:  (1)  Israel  in  Egypt,  i — xiii ;  (2)  Israel  on  the 
way  to  Sinai,  xiv — xix,  1 ;  (3)  Israel  at  Sinai,  xix,  2 — xl. 

Leviticus:  (1)  Laws  respecting  sacrifice,  i — vii;  (2)  The 
institution  of  .he  priesthood,  viii — x  ;  (3)  Laws  defining  clean 
and  unclean,  xi — xvi ;  (4)  The  law  of  holiness,  xvii — xxvii. 

Numbers:  (1)  Preparation  for  departure  from  Sinai,  i — x, 
10;  (2)  From  Sinai  to  Moab,  x,  11 — xxii,  1;  (3)  Preparation 
for  entering  Canaan,  xxii,  2 — xxxvi. 

Deuteronomy:  (1)  Historical  review,  i — iv,  43;  (2)  Repe- 
tition of  the  law,  iv,  44— xxvi ;  (3)  The  blessing  and  the  curse, 
xxvii — XXX,  (4)  Conclusion,  xxxi — xxxiv. 

STUDY  VI.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Ex.  xx,  3. 

Eead  Ex.  xix,  1-11 ;  sx,  1-17.  Mr.  Moody  has  two  ex. 
cellent  notes  on  this  part  of  Exodus:  xx,  11,  "Under  the 
law,  they  labored  first,  then  rested.  But  under  grace  we 
first  find  rest  in  Jesus,  and  then  work."  Ex.  xx,  26,  "We 
have  no  steps  to  climb  when  we  approach  God.'' 
Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Outline  the  region  from  Goshen  eastward  to  the  Gulf 
of  Akabah  and  northward  to  Eastern  Palestine,  and  mark 


Map  8.    Field  of  the  Exodus. 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  63 

the  course  of  Israel  as  indicated  in  this  lesson.'    See  Maps 
2  and  8  in  text-book;  Blaikie,  Map  2  and  Sketch  Map; 
Ottley,  Map  2 ;  MacCoun,  II,  19-25,  Maps  68-74. 
STUDY  VI.— Fourth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Deut.  vi,  4. 

Eead  Dent,  vi,  1-9 ;  Lev.  xix,  9-18.  Here  is  seen  the 
highest  moral  reach  of  the  Mosaic  law,  enjoining  perfect 
love  of  God  and  equal  love  of  neighbor  with  one's  self. 
It  may  for  centuries  have  been  an  ideal,  but  how  beau- 
tiful a  standard  to  be  uplifted  so  early. 
General  References. 

Blaikie,  106-163;  Ottley,  53-82;  Barnicott,  27-50;  Beards- 
lee,  35-45;  Burney,  10-85;  Matheson,  I,  196-217;  W.  B.,  35-41; 
Brown,  13-28;  Price,  115-122;  Iverach,  entire. 

STUDY  VI.— Fifth  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Lev.  xvi,  34. 

Eead  Lev.  i,  1-4;  ii,  1-3;  iii,  1;  vi,  24-26;  vii,  1,  2. 
In  these  five  brief  selections  an  indication  is  given  of  the 
five  kinds  of  sacrifices.  Somewhat  freely  rendered  in  terms 
of  the  new  dispensation,  in  the  order  here  found,  they  rep- 
resent Christ  as  coming  forth  in  steps  of  sacrifice  toward 
man.  Viewed  in  the  reverse  order,  they  symbolize  man's 
increasing  measure  of  siirrender  to  and  oneness  with  God : 
the  trespass-offering  meaning  conviction;  the  sin-offering, 
cleansing;  the  peace-offering,  reconciliation;  the  meal- 
offering,  communion;  the  burnt-otrering,  complete  dedica- 
tion and  service. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God  is  holy.  Ex.  iii,  5;  xxviii,  38;  Lev.  xx,  26;  1  Sam. 
ii,  2 ;  Psa.  xcix,  9  ;  Isa.  vi,  3  ;  1  Pet.  i,  15,  16.^ 


7  There  is  not  yet  general  agreement  of  scholars  as  to  the  location 
where  the  Red  8ea  was  crossed.  It  is  thought  by  some  that  the  Gulf  of 
Suez  at  that  time  extended  farther  north  so  as  to  Include  the  Bitter 
Lakes  or  even  Lake  Timsah;  and  Dr.  Navllle  would  place  the  crossing 

at  1 1,  and  Sir  William  Dawson  at  2 2.     But  probably  most  would 

accept  the  view  of  Dr.  Eber  and  Dr.  Trumbull  that  the  place  of  crossing 

was  at  3 3.    A  number  of  the  places  mentioned  in  the  Bible  account 

have  not  been  identified.    The  names  of  these  are  followed  in  map  by 
question  mark. 

8  See  also  Burney,  75,  76. 


64  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

2.  The  unique  grandeur  of  Moses'  career  and  character. 
Blaikie,  108-110,  156,  157 ;  Matheson,  I,  196-217. 

3.  Miriam.     W.  B.,  35-41 ;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet. 

4.  Egypt  during  dynasties  XVIII  and  XIX.  Blaikie,  106, 
115;  Barnicott,  28,  29;  Price,  110-121. 

5.  Description  of  the  route  of  the  Exodus.  Num.  xxxiii, 
3-49.  Blaikie,  121-128, 140-156 ;  Ottley,  61-65,  71-81 ;  MacCoun, 
II, 19-25. 

6.  The  Tabernacle  and  its  furniture.     Blaikie,  135. 

7.  Aaron  and  the  priesthood.  Ottley,  71 ;  Barnicott,  39,  40; 
Bib.  Diet. 

8.  Comparison  of  the  laws  of  Hammurabi  and  Moses. 
Davies,  21-106 ;  Sayce  (Mon.  Facts),  67-87  ;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet., Ex- 
tra Vol.,  589-612. 

STUDY  VI.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Lev.  xxvii,  30, 

Eead  Lev.  xxiii.  In  the  midst  of  the  section  which  is 
especially  marked  as  the  law  of  holiness  occurs  this  sum- 
mary of  the  "set  feasts"  of  Jehovah,  by  which  the  nation 
should  express  God's  claim  of  them  as  his  own. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  change  brought  about  the  hard  lot  of  the  Israelites 
in  Egypt? 

2.  What  are  some  of  the  virtues  of  Moses? 

3.  What  are  some  of  the  things  he  had  to  overcome  in  his 
people? 

4.  What  are  the  several  things  that  were  placed  in  front  of 
and  within  the  Tabernacle  as  its  furniture? 

5.  On  what  mountains  did  Aaron  and  Moses  pass  to  their 
rest? 

STUDY  VI.— Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Deut.  xviii,  15. 
Read  Deut.  xxx,  11-19. 

Personal  Thought. 

"There  hath  not  arisen  a  prophet  since  in  Israel  like 
unto  Moses."     (Deut.  xxxiv,  10.) 

"Moses  the  Practical.  .  .  .  Salvation  by  obedi- 
ence to  law.  There  is  one  sphere  in  which  Moses  stands 
alone.  It  is  the  discovery  that  common  life  may  be  the 
religious  life.     That  God  was  in  the  Garden  men  knew; 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  65 

that  God  was  in  the  sanctuary,  men  knew;  that  God  was 
heside  the  altar,  men  knew.  But  that  God  should  be  in 
secular  places,  that  the  home  should  be  itself  a  sanctuary, 
that  the  household  fire  should  be  an  altar  fire,  that  the 
honoring  of  a  human  parent  should  be  deemed  an  act  of 
piety,  that  the  observance  of  a  neighbor's  rights  should  be 
esteemed  one  of  the  rites  of  worship — this  was  a  new  de- 
parture in  the  religious  life  of  man !" — Matheson. 


PART  III— SEVENTH  WEEK. 
JOSHUA  AND  THE  CONQUEST. 


STUDY  VII.— First  Day.   Memory  Verse,  Josh,  i,  6. 
Eead  Josh.  i. 

Narrative. 

Joshua's  Joshua  has  already  appeared  in  connection  with  the 

Early  Serviee.  account  of  the  Exodus,  as  One  of  the  twelve  spies  sent 
from  Kadesh-barnea  to  bring  back  a  report  of  the  land 
of  Canaan.  Together  with  Caleb  he  encouraged  the 
Israelites  to  go  forward  at  once  to  the  conquest,  but  the 
voice  of  the  ten  other  spies  prevailed,  and  the  great 
movement  to  enter  Western  Palestine  was  postponed  for 
nearly  forty  years.  Num.  xiii,  1 ;  xiv,  38.  Even  before 
this  he  was  known  as  commander  of  Israel's  army  in  the 
field  (Ex.  xvii,  9,  10)  and  "the  minister  of  Moses'* 
(Num.  xi,  28,  29),  jealous  of  the  honor  of  his  leader, 
who,  when  he  was  about  to  depart,  sought  to  insure  that 
much  of  his  spirit  should  rest  upon  his  successor  (Deut. 
xxxiv,  9). 

God  now  fully  inspires  Joshua  for  his  great  task. 
"There  shall  not  any  man  be  able  to  stand  before  thee 
all  the  days  of  thy  life.  .  .  .  Only  be  strong  and 
very  courageous.  .  .  .  Have  not  I  commanded  thee  ?" 
Joshua  learns  of  the  condition  of  the  land  through  two 
spies  sent  to  Jericho,  who  find  that  the  fear  of  Israel  has 
already  gone  before  them.     Josh,  i,  ii. 

The  next  step  is  the  crossing  of  the  Jordan  from  the 
east  side  to  the  west.  There  has  recently  come  to  light 
remarkable  proof  that  the  supernatural  element  in  this 
occurrence  may  be  in  the  timing  of  the  crossing,  just  as 
at  the  Eed  Sea,  to  enable  the  host  to  avail  itself  of  the 
working  of  a  natural  agency.     A  passage  in  an  Arabic 

66 


Inspired  for 
Leadership. 


Crossing:  tha 
Jordan. 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  67 

manuscript  history  has  been  found  which  states  that  in 
1267  A.  D.  a  great  landslide  at  the  Damieh  Ford,  about 
seventeen  miles  above  Jericho,  so  shut  ofE  the  Jordan  at 
full  flood  thtit  the  river  bed  below  the  ford  was  without 
water  from  midnight  to  10  A.  M.^  The  camp  is  estab- 
lished at  Gilgal,  in  the  Jordan  Valley  near  the  crossing, 
the  rite  of  circumcision  administered,  and  Joshua  again 
encouraged  by  the  vision  of  "the  prince  of  Jehovah's 
host"  near  Jericho.     Josh,  iii — v. 

On  the  eve  of  the  conquest  a  brief  glance  may  be  Pormer 
given  to  the  tribes  or  people  inhabiting  the  promised  '"habitants  oi 
land.  Takmg  the  names  of  such  in  Gen.  xv,  19-21 ; 
Josh,  ix,  1;  xi,  21,  there  would  be  a  list  of  twelve 
related  to  the  portion  of  Western  Palestine  which  became 
distinctively  Israelite  territory.  These  may  be  divided 
into  three  classes:  (1)  The  early  inhabitants  who  vfere 
in  the  land  before  the  Semites  came,  such  as  the  Anakim 
and  perhaps  the  Perizzites  in  the  south  and  the  Rephaim 
in  the  more  central  part;  (2)  Semites,  who  came  at 
different  epochs,  such  as  Canaanites  or  Amorites,  names 
for  much  the  same  people,  of  which  Jebusites,  Gir- 
gashites,  Hivites  are  more  local  groups,  and  Kenites, 
Kenizzites,  Kadmonites,  those  rather  closely  related  to 
the  Hebrew  race;  (3)  I\ on-Semitic  settlers  who  arrived 
after  the  Canaanites,  such  as  the  Hittites,  and  perhaps 
others. 

The  Tel-el-Amarna  letters  sent  to  the  king  of  Egypt  Tei-eNAmama 
from  several  of  the  cities  of  Palestine  about  1400  B.  C,^ '-«"«•■«• 
show  that  these  towns  were  under  the  dominion  of  petty 
kings,  very  much  as  they  are  seen  to  be  in  the  Book  of 
Joshua,  and  that  even  then  the  hold  of  Egypt  on  this 
region  was  being  weakened  by  the  encroachments  and 
assaults  of  the  Hittites  and  the  Habiri  upon  these  little 
princedoms,  which  were  at  the  same  time  often  seeking 


1  Bennett,  38;  Ottley,  84;  Snyce,  Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  249. 
The  location  called  Adam  (Josh,  iii,  16),  Is  often  identified  with  the 
modern  Damieh. 


68  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

to  undermine  each  other.     All  this  formed  a  basis  for 
the  conquest  of  the  land  by  Israel. 
Stages  of  The  Scriptural  account  shows  that  the  conquest  went 

nques  .  forward  by  progressive  stages,  each  of  which  led  to  the 
next.  First,  the  strongly  fortified  city  of  Jericho  suc- 
cumbed, as  it  ever  seemed  to  do  when  threatened. 
Then  after  a  check,  because  of  Achan's  sin,  a  foothold 
was  gained  in  the  "hill  country"  above  the  Jordan  Valley 
by  the  capture  of  Ai.  Following  this  the  cunning  ruse 
of  the  Gibeonites  brought  them  into  a  compact  with 
Israel  and  opened  a  wedge  farther  into  the  heart  of  the 
country.  This  roused  a  circle  of  cities  in  southwestern 
Palestine,  and  the  defeat  of  this  confederacy  won  an 
important  section  of  the  land.  Later,  the  overwhelming 
of  a  still  larger  combination  in  the  north  completed  the 
special  work  of  Joshua,  and  the  more  gradual  and  local 
extension  of  the  conquest,  especially  in  the  way  of 
thoroughly  subduing  the  chief  towns  or  cities,  went 
forward  largely  under  individual  leaders  and  tribes,  even 
reaching  far  on  into  the  time  of  the  Judges.  Josh,  vi — 
xi;  XV,  13-19;  xix,  47;  Judges  i,  xviii. 
Index  of  Land  Very  valuable  as  a  key  to  the  geography  of  Palestine 
and  Leader.  ^^^  ^^iq  lists  of  kings  subdued,  boundary  lines  and  cities 
of  the  sections  assigned  to  the  several  tribes,  cities  of 
refuge,  cities  of  the  Levites,  and  final  adjustment  of  the 
trans-Jordanic  Israelites  to  the  center  of  worship.  Josh, 
xii — xxii.  Joshua's  farewell  address  and  renewal  of  the 
covenant  between  Israel  and  Jehovah  are  worthy  to  be 
regarded  among  his  most  important  services  to  his 
people.  Especially  are  his  impressive  words  of  personal 
decision  worthy  of  remembrance:  "Choose  you  this  day 
whom  ye  will  serve;  .  .  .  but  as  for  me  and  my 
house,  we  will  serve  Jehovah."  Josh,  xxiii,  xxiv. 
Period  If    the   forty   years  of   wandering   of    the    Israelites 

Covered.  closed  about  1237  B.  C,  the  twenty  years  from  that  date 
to  1217  B.  C.  niiiy  be  assigned  to  the  work  of  Joshua  and 
the  elders  who  immediately  succeeded  him. 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  69 

It  is  ever  true  that  God  and  one  make  a  ma- 
jority. 

'♦And  the  Lord  of  Right  still  sits  on  His  throne,  still  wields  His 

sceptre  and  rod, 
And  the  winds  and  the  waves  and  the  years  move  on,  doing  the 

will  of  God." 


STUDY  VII. — Second  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Josh,  i,  8. 

Bead  Josh,  iii,  5-17.  How  worthy  of  record  is  the 
confidence  of  Joshua  and  all  the  people  in  moving  for- 
ward to  march  across  the  river,  though  it  was  at  the 
flood!  If  this  crossing  of  the  Jordan  is  a  symbol  of  the 
Christian's  entrance  into  "the  life  more  abundant,"  may 
it  inspire  like  faith. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Joshua:  (1)  Th-e  Conquest;  a.  Preparation,  i— v ;  b.  The 
War,  vi— xii ;  (2)  Division  of  the  land,  xiii— xxi ;  (3)  The  Fare- 
well, xxii — xxiv. 

STUDY  VII.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verses,  Josh,  iv,  21,  22. 

Read  Josh.  iv.  The  repeated  care  given  to  preserv- 
ing a  memory  of  the  events,  particularly  of  God's  acts 
of  power,  in  connection  with  the  history  of  Israel, 
certainly  goes  to  sustain  the  view  that  there  were  written 
records  made  at  the  time.^  Keriath-sepher  (Josh,  xv,  15) 
means  "book-town." 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  an  outline  map  of  Palestine  and  mark  the 
boundary  of  the  twelve  tribes.  See  Map  1  in  text-book; 
Blaikie,  Map  3;  Ottley,  Map  5;  MacCoun,  II,  Map  81. 

STUDY  Vli. — Fourth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Josh,  vi,  16. 

Eead  Josh,  v,  13 — vi,  20.  Joshua  has  not  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  leader  who  takes  the  initiative,  the  thrill  of 
the  poetic  vision,  yet  as  one  set  to  execute  orders,  he 
faithfully  ca:"ries  out  his  task. 

2Deut.  xx^^l,2-8;  Josh  Iv,  2-9,  20-22;  viii, 30-35;  xxiv,26;  8ayce,Early 
History  of  the  Hebrevjs,  330. 


70  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  164-192;  Ottley,  83-100;  Bamicott,  50-56;  Beards- 
lee,  46,  50-55;  Burney,  54,  79;  Matheson,  I,  218-238;  Price, 
123-129 ;  Bennett,  entire. 

STUDY  VII. — Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Josh,  xiv,  8. 

Eead  Josh.  xiv.  As  one  stands  in  this  chapter  in  the 
midst  of  the  survey  of  the  whole  land,  the  splendid  grasp 
of  it  in  a  single  sentence  by  George  Adam  Smith  may  be 
quoted:  "During  all  these  ages  the  great  long  lines  of 
the  land  would  be  spread  out  exactly  in  the  same  way  as 
now — the  straight  coast,  and  its  broad  plain;  the  range 
that  rolls  north  and  south,  with  its  eastern  buttresses  fall- 
ing to  the  unseen  bottom  of  the  Jordan  Valley,  and  across 
this  the  long  level  edge  of  the  table-land  of  the  East."' 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
C!ass-worl<. 

1.  The  courage  and  triumph  of  faith  and  obedience.  Ex. 
xiv,  15;  Heb.  xi,  29;  Josh,  i,  7;  vi,  8,  15,  16,  20;  Heb.  xi,  30; 
Josh,  xxiii,  10;  1  Sam.  xvii,  45,  46;  2  Chron.  xx,  20-23. 

2.  Joshua  as  illustrating  the  military  virtues  in  God's  serv- 
ice.    Blaikie,  164,  191:   Matheson,  I,  218-221;   Bennett,  79-87. 

3.  The  physical  features  of  Palestine  simply  outlined. 
Map  L  in  text-book  ;  Blaikie,  165-170 ;  Ottley,  92-98,  and  Map  4 ; 
Smith,  46-59  ;  MacCoun,  I,  1-10. 

4.  Brief  study  of  tlie  peoples  of  Palestine  at  the  time  of 
the  Conquest.  Ottley,  91,  92;  Price,  123-129;  Bennett,  12-22; 
Hurlbut,  37-40. 

5.  Description  of  Mts.  Ebal  and  Gerizim  (Josh,  viii,  30-33). 
Blaikie,  174,  175;  Smith,  119,  120;  Stewart,  139-141;  MacCoun, 
II,  32,  and  Map  78. 

6.  General  sketch  of  the  heritage  of  the  tribes.  Blaikie, 
177-190 ;  Stewart,  36-41 ;  Hurlbut,  55-59. 

STUDY  VII.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Josh,  xx,  45. 

Eead  Josh,  xxiv,  1-28.  The  conquest  of  Palestine  by 
Israel  can  only  be  rightly  understood  when  it  is  seen  as 
the  result  of  a  religious  movement.  A  great  religious 
impulse  had  arisen  through  Moses;  God's  new  name, 
Jehovah,  meant  that  His  people  had  come  to  a  new  sense 

SHlst,  Geo.H.  L.,  123. 


Hebrew  Nation  Founders.  71 

of  God,  to  a  true  revival.     Joshua  brings  this  out  in  his 
address. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  is  meant  by  "  the  sea  of  the  Arabah,  even  the  Salt 
Sea"  (Josh,  iii,  16)? 

2.  What  stratagem  was  used  by  the  Gibeonites  to  preserve 
their  lives? 

3.  How  did  Israel  show  that  they  honored  the  covenant 
which  they  had  made  with  this  people? 

4.  In  what  part  of  the  Holy  Land  was  the  territory  of  the 
tribe  of  Judah? 

5.  What  general  section  was  possessed  by  the  tribe  of 
Ephraim? 

6.  How  old  was  Joshua  at  his  death? 

STUDY  VII.— Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Josh,  xxiv,  15. 

Eead  Josh,  xxiv,  29-32.  This  passage  brings  out  a 
point  which  is  made  plain  in  other  parts  of  the  record 
concerning  the  relation  of  each  Israelite  to  the  land,  show- 
ing that  his  claim  was  inalienable.  Prof.  Bennett  rightly 
says  that  here  is  a  fundamental  principle,  and  that  "it  is 
the  Divine  will  that  every  man  should  have  secured  to  him 
the  opportunity  of  earning  a  livelihood  for  himself  and 
his  family."* 

Personal  Thought. 

"  One  man  of  you  shall  chase  a  thousand."  (Josh. 
xxiii,  10.) 

Spiritual  power  in  surprising  degree  is  possible  to 
every  child  of  God. 


4  Bennett,  96. 


PAET  lY. 
HEBREW  NATION  BUILDEES. 


EIGHTH  WrEEK. 
THE  EARLY  JUDGES. 


STUDY  VI n.— First  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Judg.  ii,  16. 
Read  Judg.  ii,  16 — iii,  11. 

israai's  The   introductory   section  of    the   book  of    Judges, 

Environment.  -^i^jqIi  extends  to  the  sixth  verse  of  chapter  three,  throws 
new  light  on  the  conditions  that  faced  the  tribes  of 
Israel  when  they  would  be  expected  to  build  themselves 
up  into  agnation.  Even  the  book  of  Joshua  (xv,  63; 
xvi,  10)  had  given  indications  that  its  general  and 
sweeping  statements  as  to  the  whole  land  having  been 
completely  subjugated  and  its  inhabitants  exterminated 
by  Joshua  must  be  taken  in  a  qualified  sense  as  a  great 
ideal  to  which  later  ages  looked  back.  Much  more  fully 
is  this  made  evident  in  the  first  chapter  of  Judges. 
There  it  is  shown  that  in  the  bounds  of  tribe  after  tribe 
their  enemies  remained  entrenched  at  points,  especially 
in  some  of  the  principal  cities  or  towns,  such  as  Jerusa- 
lem, Hebron,  Bethel,  Gezer,  Bethshean,  Megiddo,  and 
others,  not  to  mention  those  in  more  outlying  territory. 

vital  Power  The  cause  of  this  changed  aspect  is  not  far  to  seek. 

ofReiieioua     ^j^jie  the   tide  of  Hebrew  faith  in  and  obedience   to 

Paltb. 

Jehovah  flowed  pure  and  strong,  her  battle  everywhere 
was  as  good  as  won.  But  when  "there  arose  another 
generation,  that  knew  not  Jehovah,  nor  yet  the  work 
which  he  had  wrought  for  Israel,"  or  the  current 
turned  backward,  "and  the  children  of  Israel  did  that 
which  was  evil  in  the  sight  of  Jehovah,  and  served  the 

72 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  73 


Baalim"  (Judg.  ii,  10,  11),  nothing  would  avail  to  save 
them  from  oppression  but  a  fresh  revival  of  faith  and 
faithfulness.  So  vital  is  this  relation  between  faith  and 
right  social  and  political  life  that  it  has  been  pointed 
out  how,  in  English  and  American  history,  each  forward 
swing  of  liberty  and  popular  institutions  has  been  pre- 
ceded by  a  religious  revival  or  reformation.  It  is  not 
surprising,  therefore,  to  find  in  the  era  now  to  be  sur- 
veyed, that  the  judges,  who  are  also  called  "  saviours," 
were  raised  up  when  the  people,  after  a  period  of 
religious  decline,  with  consequent  idolatry  and  misery, 
again  turned  to  God  and  "cried  unto  Jehovah"  (Judg. 
iii,  9). 

It  should  also  be  said  that  in  no  well-inhabited  coun-  a  Nation  in 
try  can  the  conditions  of  population  be  permanently  *''® '*°"'''* 
transformed  in  a  few  years,  and  the  Biblical  record  in  a 
number  of  passages  implies  that  the  process  of  the 
occupation  of  Canaan  would  extend  over  a  long  period, 
and  that  God  will  cast  out  the  former  nations  "by  little 
and  little"  (Deut.  vii,  22),  "without  driving  them  out 
hastily"  (Judg.  ii,  22,  23),  that  by  them  he  "may 
prove  Israel,  whether  they  will  keep  the  way  of  Jehovah 
or  not."  In  the  period  of  the  Judges  the  Hebrew  nation 
is  in  the  formative  stage,  it  is  being  built,  largely  like 
other  enduring  historic  peoples,  by  wrestling  with  its 
environment.  During  much  of  this  epoch  the  integrat- 
ing and  the  disintegrating  forces  are  about  evenly 
balanced,  and  so  the  statement  is  twice  recorded:  "In 
those  days  there  was  no  king  in  Israel:  every  man  did 
that  which  was  right  in  his  own  eyes."  (Judg.  xvii,  6; 
xxi,  25.) 

By  "The  Early  Jvidges"  is  meant  those  whose  names  "The  Early 
and  deeds  are  given  in  the  book  of  Judges,  as  the  era  of  *'"*'«*^-" 
Eli  and  Samuel  will  be  treated  in  the  next  lesson.     Of 
these    earlier    deliverers    there    are    twelve,   if    Barak  is 
placed  with  Deborah  as  her  general,  and  Gideon's  son, 
Abimelech,  is  omitted,  since  the  ofiQce  of  these  special 


74 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Othniel. 


Deborah  and 
Barak. 


Overthrow 
and  Odo. 


Gideon  and 
His  Three 
Hundred. 


leaders  was  not  hereditary.  Six  may  be  called  principal 
judges,  Othniel,  Ehud,  Deborah,  Gideon,  Jephthah,  and 
Samson;  and  six  subordinate,  Shamgar,  Tola,  Jair, 
Ibzan,  Elon,  andAbdon.^ 

The  first  of  the  judges,  Othniel, |was  Caleb's  younger 
brother,  and  he  delivered  Israel,  after  eiglit  years  of 
oppression,  from  a  Mesopotamian  king,  whose  name  is 
not  given,  but  who  is  called  Cushan-rishathaim,  or  the 
"  Cushite  of  double  wickedness."     Judg.  iii,  7-11. 

The  next  period  of  much  interest  is  that  of  Deborah 
and  Barak,  and  the  oppression  in  this  case,  which  con- 
tinued for  twenty  years,  was  by  Jabin,  whose  capital  was 
at  Hazor,  about  five  miles  directly  west  of  Lake  Merom. 
This  Canaanite  king  had  nine  hundred  chariots  of  iron, 
and  by  using  these  in  the  open  plain  of  Esdraelon  he  was 
able  to  cut  off  the  northern  tribes  of  Israel  from  those 
south  of  the  plain  and  keep  all  in  subjection.  His 
general,  Sisera,  resided  at  Harosheth,  placed  by  some 
near  the  Kishon,  but  by  others  thought  to  have  been 
near  Hazor. 

About  three  miles  northeast  of  Hazor  was  Kedesh, 
the  home  of  Barak,  the  general  of  the  Israelite  forces. 
Encouraged  by  the  call  of  Deborah,  the  prophetess- judge 
of  Mt.  Ephraim,  v/ho  also  promised  her  presence,  Barak 
was  able  to  gather  and  train  an  army  of  ten  thousand 
men,  with  which,  by  a  sudden  onset  from  Mt.  Tabor, 
he  defeated  Sisera  and  pursued  and  slaughtered  his 
entire  force,  while  Sisera  himself  was  slain  by  Jael  in 
her  tent.  This  marvelous  triumph  was  celebrated  by  an 
ode,  bearing  every  mark  of  having  been  written  at  the 
time.     Judg.  iv,  v. 

After  forty  years  of  rest,  and  seven  years  of  oppres- 
sion by  the  Midianites,  who  led  into  the  land  vast  bands 
of  Amalekites  and  Bedouin  Arabs,  ravaging  the  country 
and  causing   the   people  to  hide  in  dens  and  caverns, 

1  Beardslee,  56;  Paterson,  11.  But  others,  as  Moore,  International 
Critical  Commentary  on  Judges,  xxviii,  104,  would  include  Shamgar  In 
the  first  list. 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  75 

Gideon  was  called  to  become  a  deliverer,  God  giving  him 
unmistakable  signs  of  success.  He  was  from  Ophrah  in 
Manasseh,  and  made  his  striking  test  by  which  he  sifted 
out  of  thirty-two  thousand  a  company  of  three  hundred 
at  the  spring  or  well  of  Harod,  north  of  Mt.  Gilboa. 
Near  this  point,  in  the  southeast  angle  of  the  plain  of 
Esdraelon,  the  host  of  the  enemy  was  surprised  by  a 
night  attack,  Gideon's  force  using  the  device  of  lamps 
concealed  in  pitchers,  and  the  routed  and  self -destroying 
foe  rushed  down  the  valley  of  Jezreel  and  across  the 
Jordan.     Judg.  vi,  vii. 

Two  later  arenas  of  struggle  can  be  mentioned  to-  Jephthah  and 
gether,  one  occurring  east  of  the  Jordan,  and  the  other  ^"""S""- 
in  the  extreme  southwest,  because  they  are  placed  by 
some  as  contemporary.  In  the  eastern  field,  Jephthah, 
"the  Gileadite,"  overcame  the  children  of  Amnion;  and 
in  the  western,  on  the  border  line  between  the  Israelites 
and  Philistines,  Samson,^  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  came  up  to 
his  unexampled  exploits  on  behalf  of  himself  and  his 
people.     Judg.  xi — xvi. 

The   survey  of   the  period  of   the  judges  may  close  a  Rude  Aga. 
with    a   glance    at  the    two    pictures   of   the    times,   one  *'"*""  *^"**'* 
formed  by  the  two  narratives  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
Book  of  Judges,  showing  traits  of  noblity  as  well  as  law- 
lessness, and  the  other  by  the  charming  idyl  in  the  Book 
of  Euth.     Judg.  xvii — xxi;  Ruth  i — iv. 

According  to  the  chronological  table,^  the  period  of  Years  of  the 
the  Early  Judges,  beginning  with  Othniel  and  ending  ***'''°^' 
with  Samson,  would  be  130  years,  or  from  1217  B.  0. 
to  1087  B.  C.  Many  scholars  favor  the  view  that  some 
of  the  Judges  may  have  done  their  work  in  different 
parts  of  the  land  at  the  same  time,  and  that  the  "forty 
years  "  so  often  given  is  a  round  number  for  a  generation. 
Yet  the  brevity  of  time  allowed  for  the  period  forms  a 
part  of  the  problem  of  chronology  for  all  Old  Testament 
history  before  the  age  of  David,  that  awaits  fuller 
solution, 

1  See  Map  11,  p.  90.        2  Page  20  of  text-book. 


76  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

**  Righteousness  exalteth  a  nation ;  but  sin  is  a 
reproach  to  any  people."  We  read  this  truth  every- 
where. It  is  clearly  demonstrated  in  every  period 
of  the  life  of  the  chosen  people.  It  is  the  verdict  of 
history.  The  issue  of  modern  events  declares  it 
true  as  God  Himself. 


STUDY  VIII.— Second  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Judg.  v,  23. 

Eead  Judg.  iv,  1-v,  7.  There  is  some  evidence  (Judg. 
v,  20,  21)  that  a  storm,  making  the  plain  soft  and  swelling 
the  Kishon  to  a  torrent,  greatly  helped  the  Israelites. 
Smith  observes:  "But  the  victory  won  that  day  by  the 
Plain  over  the  Canaanites  was  not  so  great  as  the  victory 
won  by  Israel  over  the  Plain."*  The  Plain  might  have 
divided  the  Israelites,  but  in  this  contest  six  of  the  tribes, 
embracing  those  on  both  sides  of  the  Plain  were  repre- 
sented, so  it  is  the  first  marked  sign  of  future  national 
unity.  The  song  of  Deborah  has  been  greatly  praised  for 
dramatic  and  poetic  power. 
Scripture  Outline, 

Judges:  (1)  Introduction,  i— iii,  6;  (2)  Narrative  of  the 
judges,  iii,  7 — xvi ;  (3)  Two  supplemental  narratives,  (a)  Migra- 
tion of  the  Danites,  xvii,  xviii ;  (b)  Punishment  and  preserva- 
tion of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin,  xix — xxi. 

Euth  :  (1)  Efforts  to  escape  from  trouble,  i,  1-9 ;  (2)  Ruth's 
faith  and  devotion,  i,  10-22;  (3)  Winning  the  care  and  love  of 
a  kinsman,  ii— iv,  17  ;  (4)  Genealogy  of  David,  iv,  18-22. 

STUDY  VI II. —Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Judg.  vii,  7. 

Eead  Judg.  vii,  1-21.     The  great  lesson  most  impress- 
ively demonstrated  here  is  that  power  in  Christian  ag- 
gressive work   does  not  come  from  numbers,  but  from 
union  of  the  true-hearted,  courageous,  and  alert. 
Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  an  outline  of  the  Plain  of  Esdraelon,  its  sur- 
rounding territory,  mountains,  streams,  towns,  gateways, 

3  Smith,  896. 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders. 


n 


and  study  it  especially  as  the  battlefield  of  Palestine. 
See  Map  9  in  text-book;  Smith,  381-410,  and  Plate  VI; 
MacCoun,  I,  24-28,  Maps  25,  26 ;  Calkin,  28-30,  Map  8. 


'.\U"'i;i i/Xy.'^    ■■'•-     -"^ " 


'}W). 


\\\ 

mkBm  -'mm 


W(M 


^^m^S!&S^ 


^^^\ 


PLAI>.o,DOTHAN   ,^^t,£JM&. 


Map  9.    Plain  op  Esdraelon  and  Nobthwabd. 


STUDY  VIII. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verses,  Judg.  ix,  8-15. 

Eead  Judg.  xi,  12-15,  26-40.  While  there  has  been 
a  vast  amount  of  discussion  concerning  Jephthah's  vow 
and   its   fulfillment    (vs.  30,  31,  39),  the   fact   that   the 


78  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Hebrew  conjunction  between  the  clauses  in  vs.  31  can  be 
rendered  "or,"  so  tiiat  passage  would  read  "it  shall  be 
Jehovah's  (if  a  person),  or  I  will  offer  it  up  for  a  burnt- 
offering"  (if  an  animal  proper  for  sacrifice),  makes  it 
possible  to  consider  the  result  as  her  devotement  to 
celibacy.  Yet  it  is  to  be  recognized  that  many  hold  that 
her  life  was  taken  to  make  complete  the  demands  of  her 
father's  vow  in  that  age. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  193-205,  212-215 ;  Ottley,  101-119 ;  Barnicott,  56-67 ; 
Beardslee,  55-59,  173-176;  Burney,  19,  37,  40,  79,  80;  Matheson, 
II,  128-171 ;  W.  B.,  45-91 ;  Brown,  29-49 ;  Price,  129-131 ;  Pater- 
son,  entire. 

STUDY  VIII.— Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Judg.  xvi,  SO. 

Eead  Judg.  xvi,  16-31.  Note  Smith  on  Samson:  "We 
see  at  one  sweep  of  the  eye  all  the  course  in  which  this 
uncurbed  strength,  at  first  tumbling  and  sporting  with 
laughter  like  one  of  its  native  brooks,  like  them  also  ran 
to  the  fiats  and  the  mud,  and  being  darkened  and  be- 
fouled, was  used  by  men  to  turn  their  mills. "  * 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for   Assignment    in 
Ciass-work. 

1.  God's  discipline  for  purity  and  strength.  Deut.  viii,  2; 
Judg.  ii,  21.  22 ;  iii,  1,  2,  4 ;  v,  23 ;  vii,  7  ;  xiii,  4,  5 ;  Rutli  ii,  11, 
12;  Job  V,  17;  xxiii,  10;  Psa.  cxix,  67. 

2.  Deborali  and  her  ideal  of  national  unity.  Judg.  v,  1-23  ; 
Blaikie,  197,  198;  Ottley,  103, 107,  108;  Paterson,  17-19;  Smith, 
396,  397 ;  Kittel,  History  of  the  Hebrews,  II,  74,  75. 

3.  A  study  of  Gideon's  call  and  his  selection  of  the  three 
hundred.  Judg.  vi,  11— vii,  8 ;  Ottley,  109-111 ;  Paterson.  22-26 ; 
Smith,  397-399. 

4.  Points  of  weakness  in  Samson's  character  and  work. 
Blaikie,  204 ;  Paterson,  50,  51,  55,  56. 

5.  Lessons  to  be  gathered  from  Ruth's  devotion.  Ruth  i, 
16, 17;  Ottley,  117;  Matheson,  II,  140,  141;  Bib.  Ency. 

6.  Garments  and  ornaments  in  the  time  of  the  Judges. 
Judg.  iii,  16;  v,  30;  viii,  24-26;  xiv,  12;  xvii,  10;  Ruth  iii,  3, 
15 ;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  arts.  "  Dress,"  "  Ornaments." 

4  Hist.  Goo.  H.  L.,  222. 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  79 

STUDY  VIII.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Judg.  xvii,  13. 

Eead  Judg,  xvii;  xxi,  20-25.  These  selections  from 
the  two  closing  narratives  of  Judges  will  illustrate  the 
disorganized  religious  and  social  state  of  the  times.  The 
dates  of  the  events  are  thought  by  many  to  have  been 
early  in  this  period. ° 
Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  Can  you  mention  five  important  cities  which  were  not  a 
once  taken  by  the  Hebrews  (Judg.  i)? 

2.  Will  you  give  a  list  of  the  six  or  seven  principal  judges 
in  the  early  period  ? 

3.  Who  are  the  three  or  four  leading  women  characters  in 
the  lesson? 

4.  Whose  names  are  given  as  the  grandfather  and  grand- 
mother of  David  ? 

STUDY  VIII.— Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Ruth  i,  16. 

Eead  Euth  i,  14-22 ;  ii,  8-12.  Goethe  calls  the  Book 
of  Euth,  "  the  loveliest  little  epic  and  idyllic  whole  which 
has  come  down  to  us." 

Personal  Thought. 

"The  Spirit  of  Jehovah  came  upon  (Heb.  clothed 
itself  with)  Gideon."    (Judg.  vi,  34.) 

The  key  to  all  the  best  deeds  of  the  judges  is  in  the 
power  of  the  Spirit  of  God  resting  upon  them.  In  the 
case  of  Gideon  the  Hebrew  idiom  seems  to  imply  such 
humility  and  measure  of  response  that  the  Holy  Spirit 
could  make  him  as  a  garment  that  is  worn  for  beauty  and 
glory. 

Have  I  such  complete  responsiveness  that  the  Spirit 
can  use  me  as  such  a  medium  of  his  ministry  ? 

SMoore,  Judg-es,  372,  405;  Paterson,  62-«4,  77;  Blaikie,  214;  Ottley,  105. 


PART  IV— NINTH  WEEK. 
SAMUEL. 


Centralizing 

Tendencies 

Begin. 


Samuel  a 
Pledge  of  the 
Future. 


STUDY  IX.— First  Day.   Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  i,  27. 
Read  1  Sam.  i,  9-11,  19-33,  35-3S. 
Narrative. 

"While  the  times  of  Eli  and  Samuel  are  still  in  the  age 
of  the  judges,  it  is  felt  at  once,  as  soon  as  the  Book  of 
First  Samuel  is  entered,  that  one  is  in  a  new  period  of 
Hebrew  history.  The  record,  it  is  true,  belongs  to  the 
epoch  in  which  the  nation  is  being  built,  evidences  of  a 
low  state  of  morals,  of  a  lack  of  social  cohesion,  of  grave 
abuses  and  disorders  continue  to  exist.  But  the  differ- 
ence is  in  the  fact  that  the  forces  that  are  to  make  the 
nation  have  begun  to  crystallize.  Even  in  the  case  of 
Eli  there  is  seen  a  gravitation  of  the  thoughts  of  Israel 
toward  a  center.  It  is  not  known  as  to  how  he  came  to 
be  a  judge,  but  it  was  probably,  as  with  others,  through 
military  prowess  in  delivering  the  people.  If  this 
occurred  in  his  earlier  life  and  then,  as  being  in  the 
descent  from  Aaron,  he  was  also  priest,  the  union  of  the 
two  offices  in  him,  in  connection  with  the  sanctuary  and 
ark  at  Shiloh,  would  form  a  unique  means  of  unification. 
The  simple  statement  that  Elkanah,  the  father  of  Sam- 
uel, "went  up  out  of  his  city  from  year  to  year  to 
worship  and  to  sacrifice  unto  Jehovah  of  hosts  in  Shiloh  " 
(1  Sam.  i,  3)  conveys  the  impression  of  a  far  more  settled 
and  orderly  state  of  society  throughout  Israel  than  has 
hitherto  prevailed. 

Still  more  is  future  Hebrew  national  life  assured  with 
the  appearance  of  Samuel.  Three  times  does  the  Hebrew 
spirit  and  influence  seem  to  have  a  rebirth  in  the  coming 

80 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  8i 

of  a  little  child — in  the  case  of  Moses,  Samuel,  and 
Christ.  The  Magnificat  of  Mary  is  the  flower  of  which 
the  song  of  Hannah  (1  Sam.  ii)  is  the  bud;  and  the 
words  of  Luke  (ii,  52)  sweetly  recall  the  words  of  this 
earlier  historian,  "And  the  child  Samuel  grew  on,  and 
increased  in  favor  both  with  Jehovah  and  also  with  men  " 
(1  Sam.  ii,  26).  Eli  was  old,  and  physically  and  morally 
weak ;  Samuel  was  young,  and  destined  to  show  splendid 
moral  and  spiritual  strength.  Eli  had  been  priest- judge, 
but  Samuel  will  be  priest-prophet-judge,  guiding  his 
people  into  new  channels,  a  nation-builder  and  king- 
maker. 

Samuel's  first  great  work  is  one  of  the  most  important  The  chiid 
ever  committed  to  a  child  of  his  tender  years — the  trans-  Messenger. 
mission  of  God's  message  of  condemnation  of  Eli's  house ; 
and  it  is  not  strange  that  the  record  should  say  at  its 
close,  "And  all  Israel  from  Dan  to  Beersheba  knew  that 
Samuel  was  established  to  be  a  prophet  of  Jehovah." 
1  Sam.  iii. 

The  term  "prophet"  has  the  meaning  of  one  who  High 
speaks  from  God;  and  he  was  also  called  "the  man  of •''op''^*'* 
God"  and  the  "seer,"  the  latter  coming  from  his  power 
of  prophetic  vision.^  All  these  terms  were  applied  to 
Samuel  (1  Sam.  viii,  8-11).  And  while  there  were 
"bands  of  prophets"  or  schools  or  communities  of  men 
in  his  day  especially  devoted  to  music  and  prophecy 
(1  Sam.  X,  5-13),  it  does  not  appear  that  Samuel  dwelt 
with  them.  His  mission  as  prophet  seems  to  be  of  that 
higher  type  which  formed  such  a  molding  force  in  all  of 
Israel's  later  history,  and  first  after  Moses,  he  began  the 
long  line  of  religious  statesmen  who  guided  Hebrew 
development  from  the  point  of  view  of  Jehovah's  will. 
With  this  his  work  as  judge,  and  even  as  priest,  was  in 
complete  accord  (1  Sam.  vii,  15-17),  for  all  these  offices 
had  a  religious-national  aspect.  "Well  does  Professor 
Davidson  sa^^  that  Samuel  pursued  this  end  "with  more 

iBurney,  86,  87;  Salmond,  76,  77;  Hast.  Bib,  Diet.,  IV,  108, 113. 


82 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Israel's 
Disgrace 
Under  Bll. 


Mizpah, 

Ebenezer, 

Ramab. 


People 
Request  a 
King. 


Samuel  a 
King-maker. 


splendid  initiative  than  any  of  his  successors.  He  cre- 
ated the  nation  by  giving  it  a  king."^ 

Samuel's  childhood  is  followed  by  a  period  in  which 
the  life  of  Israel  sinks  very  low,  through  the  evil  rule  of 
Eli's  sous,  and  the  war  begun  in  vain  confidence  with 
the  Philistines,  and  ending  in  the  capture  of  the  ark. 
Probably  Shiloh  was  sacked  and  the  tabernacle  without 
its  most  sacred  object,  was  conveyed  by  the  Levites  to 
Nob,  and  later  to  Gibeon.'  When  the  ark  was  returned 
by  the  Philistines  it  found  a  lodging-place  for  most  of 
the  time  at  Kiriath-jearim,  in  the  house  of  Abinadab. 
1  Sam.  iv — vii,  1.     (See  Maps  10,  11.) 

After  twenty  years  a  new  spirit  seemed  to  come  to  the 
people,  "and  all  the  house  of  Israel  lamented  after 
Jehovah."  Samuel  then  gathered  them  to  Mizpah  and 
led  them  in  their  service  of  repentance,  and  when  the 
Philistines  were  about  to  attack  them  his  intercession 
brought  to  their  aid  a  powerful  thunderstorm.  After 
Israel's  victory,  Samuel  set  up  a  memorial  stone,  calling 
it  Ebenezer.  For  many  years,  his  circuit  as  judge  was 
to  Bethel,  Gilgal,  and  Mizpah  while  his  home  was  at 
Ramah,  where  he  built  an  altar.     1  Sam.  vii. 

In  his  old  age  he  made  his  sons  judges,  but  "they 
walked  not  in  his  ways,"  and  the  people  longed  for  a 
king.  God  told  Samuel  to  hearken  to  their  voice.  It 
would  be  a  descent  from  the  theocratic  idea,  yet  out  of 
their  choice  would  come  the  unifying  and  military  force 
apparently  needed  before  Israel  could  repel  her  enemies 
and  become  a  nation. 

Directed  by  Jehovah,  Samuel  entertained  and  then 
anointed  Saul  of  the  tribe  of  Benjamin  as  the  first  king  of 
Israel.  But  when,  after  a  good  beginning,  he  gradually 
showed  more  and  more  disregard  of  God's  commands, 
Samuel,  who  more  than  once  had  faithfully  reproved 
him,  was  told  to  cease  mourning  for  him,  and  to  go  to 


S  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  IV,  108. 

31  Sam.  xxl,  1,  6;  xxii,  19;  1  Chron.  xvl,  39;  xxi,  20;  Salmond,  44. 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  83 

Bethlehem  and  anoint  David  the  son  of  Jesse  as  successor 
to  the  throne.  In  a  later  scene,  when  David  is  fleeing 
from  Saul,  he  comes  to  Samuel  in  Eamah  and  they  con- 
fer together.  At  the  time,  the  aged  leader  is  head  of 
the  company  of  prophets  at  Naioth  near  by.  1  Sam. 
viii — xix. 

The  simple  record  is  finally  given  (1  Sam.  xxv,  1),  His  Death. 
"and  Samuel  died;  and  all  Israel  gathered  themselves 
together,  and  lamented  him,  and  buried  him  in  his  house 
at  Ramah."  On  the  basis  of  1  Sam.  vii,  2,  the  term  of 
Samuel's  administration  is  reckoned  as  twenty  years, 
from  1047  to  1027  B.  C,  with  the  preceding  forty  years, 
from  1087  to  1047  B.  C,  assigned  to  Eli.* 


Max  Muller  declares,  "  The  scent  of  flowers  does 
not  travel  against  the  wind;  but  the  odor  of  good 
people  travels  even  against  the  wind :  a  good  man 
pervades  every  place."  And  Thoreau  says,  "Good- 
ness is  the  only  investment  that  never  fails." 

Samuel  was  a  good  man.  The  investment  of  his 
saintly  character  has  yielded  large  dividends. 


STUDY  IX.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  ii,  26. 

Read  1  Sam.  ii,  1-19.     The  rare  beauty  of  the  picture 
of  this  little  child  minister  is  placed  against  the  dark 
background  of  the  impious  and  corrupt  sons  of  Eli. 
Scripture  Outline. 

1  Samuel  (records  of  the  three  characters  overlap):  (1) 
Samuel,  i — viii  (also  in  part  ix — xxv) ;  (2)  Saul,  ix — xvi  (also  in 
part  xvii — xxxi)  ;  (3)  David,  xvii— xxxi. 

STUDY  IX.— Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  iii,  10. 

Read  1  Sam.  iii.  The  chapter  suggests  what  unex- 
pected directions  the  Spirit  of  God  takes  in  the  selection 
of  his  instruments. 

4  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  1, 399.  But  Moore,  Judges,  page  xIU,  seeks  to  show 
that  Saul's  reign  Is  not  reckoned  In  the  Bible,  because  It  is  regarded  as 
Illegitimate,  and  he  assigns  twenty  years  to  Ell's  administration,  and 
forty  to  Samuel's. 


84  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  Northern  Judea  and  Southern  Samaria, 
and  locate  Shiloh,  Bethel,  Gilgal,  Eamah,  Mizpah,  Eben- 
ezer,  Kiriath-jearim.  See  Map  10  in  text-book;  Stewart, 
Chap.  XV,  on  "The  Mountains  of  Benjamin;"  MacCoun, 
II,  38,  and  Map  82 J;  Hurlbut,  60-64. 


SHILOH° 


OBETHEL 

RAMAH       °^'^,'^:?'*^5eR 
O  oGIBEAH    o*'" 


MIZPAHO  GILGAt 

KIRIATH-JEARIM    norO  oANATHOTH 
FRFNr7En*J-°         """^OJEBUS    OR     -^ 

"s'l^iT"  „       jerusal/Tm 

BETH-SHEMESM  °BETHLEHEnybir-»^5.'>J 


ICHO 


Map  10.     CsNTRAii  Palestine,  Samuel  to  David. 

STUDY  IX. — Fourth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  vii,  12. 

Read  1  Sam.  vii.  In  this  chapter  is  condensed  the 
record  of  a  great  religious  and  national  revival  and  res- 
toration of  Israel,  such  as  places  Samuel  beside  Moses  as 
a  founder  and  builder  of  the  Hebrew  commonwealth. 
The  devoted  friend  and  reformer  of  his  people  is  seen  as 
prophet,  priest,  and  ruler,  and  so  becomes  typical  of 
Christ." 

General  Keferences. 

Blaikie,  205-207,  222-224;  Ottley,  120-128;  Barnicott,  67-75; 
Beardslee,  59-63 ;  Burney,  44,  46,  62,  68,  80,  85-87 ;  Matheson, 
I,  239-260;  Price,  131,  132;  Salmond,  7-80; 

STUDY  IX.— Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  x,  24. 

Read  1  Sam.  x,  17-25;  xv,  22,  23.  Samuel  was  a  man 
so  large  in  nature  that  he  could  induct  a  king  into  a  place 
which  had  been  largely  his  own,  and  then  announce  to 
this  king  that  he  had  forfeited  his  throne  when  it  became 
clear  that  he  wo  aid  not  respond  to  the  will  of  God. 


6  Salmond,  61 ;  Sinker,  7. 


Hebrew  Nation  Builders.  85 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Ciass-work. 

1.  Grod's  choice  of  the  childlike  and  responsive.  Judg.  xiii, 
24 ;  1  Sam.  ii,  18,  26  ;  iii,  19, 20 ;  xvi,  11-13 ;  1  Kings  iii,  7-14 ;  Isa. 
xi,  6 ;  Matt,  xi,  25,  26  ;  xviii,  1-4. 

2.  The  worth  and  weakness  of  Eli.  Blaikie,  205  ;  Salmond, 
8-24,  41,  42. 

3.  Samuel's  greatness  of  character  and  service.  Blaikie, 
207 ;  Matheson,  I,  244-257 ;  Salmond,  60-80. 

4.  Meaning  of  the  words  prophet  and  seer.  1  Sam.  ix,  9 ; 
Ottley,  123,  124;  Salmond,  76,  77. 

5.  Principles  of  a  revival,  as  seen  in  1  Sam.  vii.  Blaikie, 
207 ;  Salmond,  52-59. 

6.  Domestic  animals  in  Israel  in  the  time  of  the  Judges. 
Judg.  vi,  4,  19,  25,  26  ;  vii,  5  ;  1  Sam.  ix,  3  ;  xxv,  2 ;  Blaikie,  208 ; 
Bib.  Diet.  arts.  "Cattle,"  etc. 

STUDY  IX — Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xii,  2. 

Read  1  Sam.  xii,  1-15;  xix,  18-20.  Israel's  "king- 
maker" is  seen  in  these  passages  as  giving  an  account  of 
how  he  has  conducted  himself  in  his  own  high  office  as 
Judge  and  leader  of  Israel,  and  afterward  as  a  source  of 
strength  and  comfort  to  David,  when  Saul  was  seeking 
his  life. 
Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  To  whafe  tribe  did  Samuel  belong  ? 

2.  With  whom  and  where  did  he  serve  when  a  child? 

3.  What  happened  to  the  ark  during  his  earlier  life  ? 

4.  In  what  two  places  was  the  tabernacle  probably  kept 
after  it  was  removed  from  Shiloh?    See  Narrative. 

5.  What  three  kinds  of  service  did  Samuel  render  in  Israel? 

6.  What  two  men  did  he  anoint  as  kings? 

STUDY  IX.— Seventli  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xii,  23. 

Eead  Psa.  xcix,  7,  8;  Jer.  xv,  1. 
Personal  Thought. 

"I  have  walked  before  you  from  my  youth  unto  this 
day."    (1  Sam.  xii,  3.) 

Next  to  the  approval  of  God,  the  best  possession  in 
life  is  a  clean  record  before  our  fellowmen. 

Do  you  purpose,  if  you  are  still  young,  to  see  that  this 
part  of  your  life  shall  have  only  that  in  it  about  which 
you  can  ever  carry  a  clear  conscience  ? 


PABT  Y. 
HEBREW  NATIONAL  LIFE. 


TENTH  "WEEK. 
SAUL. 


STUDY  X. — First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  ix,  17. 
Read  1  Sam.  ix. 

Narrative. 
Ranewed  At  the  beginning  of  the  period  of  national  life,  which 

Growth  of       includes  the  summit  of  Israel's  Old  Testament  history,  it 

Hebrew  Unity. 

may  be  well  to  notice  briefly  how  the  unity  of  the  Hebrew 
people  was  restored  from  the  low  point  to  which  it  sunk 
during  the  time  of  the  Judges.  At  various  points  in  that 
period,  confederacies  of  two  or  more  tribes  were  formed. 
Such  a  compact  between  the  tribes  of  Judah  and  Simeon 
is  indicated  in  Judges  i,  3.  "The  house  of  Joseph" 
(Judg.  i,  22),  or  the  tribes  of  Ephraim  and  Manasseh, 
were  the  natural  head  of  another  confederacy,  which  in 
general  included  Benjamin  and  Dan.  This  group  was 
represented  in  the  rising  under  Ehud  (Judg.  iii,  15,  27). 
In  the  movement  under  Deborah  and  Barak  the  northern 
group,  Issachar,  Zebulun,  Xaphtali,  Dan,  Asher,  was  in 
part  joined  with  that  just  mentioned  in  overcoming 
Jabin ;  but  in  her  ode,  the  prophetess  mentions  either  for 
praise  or  blame  all  the  tribes  except  Judah  and  Simeon.^ 
The  force  which  Jephthah  led  against  the  Ammonites 
(Judg.  xi.  29)  was  probably  a  confederacy  of  the  tribes 
east  of  the  Jordan ;  and  the  jealousy  of  the  Ephraimite 
group  led  to  the  quarrel  and  slaughter  of  Judges  xii,  1-6, 
with  use  of  the  test-word  "Shibboleth."* 


1  Smith,  392,  "  Machlr  stands  for  Manasseh,  Qllead  for  Gad  "  (Judg. 
V,  14, 17). 

a  See  Pateraon,  80,  81. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  87 

The  most  complete  assembly  of  the  tribes  during  this 
time  was  in  the  action  against  Benjamin  for  upholding 
the  men  of  Gibeah  in  their  wickedness.  The  extent  of 
the  movement  is  stated  to  be  "from  Dan  even  to  Beer- 
sheba,  with  the  land  of  Gilead"  (Judg.  xx,  1),  and  for 
the  first  time  it  is  seen  that  the  tribe  of  Judah  (vs.  18)  is 
joined  with  those  to  the  north,  and  even  leads  the  battle 
against  the  Benjamites. 

Under  Samuel  the  feeling  of  oneness  of  the  entire  signs  of  one= 
land  rapidly  increased  (1  Sam.  iii,  20;  vii,  3,  5).     The  g*^J;^JJ^'j 
very  fact  that  his  sons  were  judges  in  Beersheba  (viii,  2)  saui. 
shows  that  the  southern   tribes   were   now   more   firmly 
joined  with  the  northern.     But  the  strongest  proof  of  a 
new  unity  of  Israel  is  the  attitude  of  Judah  during  the 
years  when  Saul  was  seeking  the  life  of  David.     As  this 
magnetic  man  of  their  own  tribe,  known  to  be  in  line  for 
the  kingship,  was  slowly  gaining  strength,  only  genuine 
attachment  to  the  new  national  life  would  have  held  the 
tribe  of  Judah  loyal  to  Saul. 

Even  the  surrounding  enemies  and  the  wars  with  them  wars  Weidiosr 
by  the  Israelites  tended  to  weld  the  people  together.  Qf  **'*'**°'''®* 
these  foes,  the  Philistines,  occupying  the  Plain  and  the 
low  range  of  hills  called  the  Shephelah,  west  of  southern 
and  central  Israel,  had  gradually  become  a  strong  military 
power,  with  a  league  of  five  leading  cities,  Ashdod,  Gaza, 
Ashkelon,  Gath,  and  Ekron  (1  Sam.  vi,  17).  So  com- 
plete was  their  control  over  Israel  in  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  Saul  that  they  permitted  no  smith  to  prepare 
weapon  or  tool  for  use  there,  "b^^t  all  the  Israelities  went 
down  to  the  Philistines,  to  sharpen  every  man  his  share, 
and  his  coulter,  and  his  ax,  and  his  mattock"  (1  Sam. 
xiii,  20). 

All  the  previous  conditions,  therefore,  made  it  imper-TypeofKinz 
ative  that  the  Hebrews  attain  stronger  nationality.     Says  ^^^^^' 
a  recent  writer,  "Clearly  they  were  blamed  not  for  the  fact 
that  they  had  asked  for  a  king,  but  that  they  pictured  to 
themselves  a  king  who  was  like  any  other  Eastern  despot," 


88  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

instead  of  "  a  theocratic  king,  wielding  an  authority  which 
was  at  all  times  the  carrying  out  of  God's  will."*  Here 
may  be  seen  the  principal  point  in  which  Saul  failed.  He 
was  self-willed,  he  would  not  constantly  ask  simply  to 
know  the  will  of  God  and  then  do  it. 
Saurs  Points  Saul  began  well,  and  he  had  some  excellent  qualifica- 
of  strength,  tions  as  founder  of  the  Hebrew  monarchy.  The  first  was 
his  pleasing  and  impressive  bodily  presence.  "There  was 
not  among  the  children  of  Israel  a  goodlier  person  than 
he;  from  his  shoulders  and  upward  he  was  higher  than 
any  of  the  people"  (1  Sam.  ix,  2).  He  was  also  humble, 
forbearing,  decisive,  and  brave.  His  highest  mark  of 
influence  is  that  he  held  Israel  together  in  a  time  of  im- 
mense danger  and  stress. 
Ni«  Tragic  On  the  other  hand,  his  nature  and  career  gradually 

Failure.  swung  to  the  side  and  swept  on  to  the  shore   of  terrible 

failure  and  disaster.  He  became  headstrong,  abnormally 
melancholy  and  jealous,  implacable  in  his  purpose  to 
destroy  David,  and  at  last  superstitious  and  desperate. 
Xo  other  character  in  the  Bible  is  so  tragic. 
nil  Selection.  When  Saul  appears  in  the  narrative,  he  is  a  young 
man,  and  in  company  with  his  servant,  supposed  by  some 
to  be  Doeg  the  Edomite,  is  seeking  his  father's  asses.  The 
two  men  did  not  succeed  in  their  quest  and  were  about  to 
return  home,  when  the  servant  proposed  that  they  consult 
Samuel.  It  had  already  been  revealed  to  the  prophet 
that  the  man  of  Benjamin  who  should  call  was  God's 
choice  for  king.  Saul  is  accordingly  kept,  entertained 
with  tokens  and  words  showing  the  high  station  for 
which  he  is  destined,  and  before  he  leaves  is  anointed. 
(1  Sam.  ix — x,  1). 
Hia  Public  Later  the  people  are  assembled  at  Mizpah,  Saul  is 

Pi^stAct""^  designated  as  king  by  lot,  confirmed  by  the  people,  and 
the  constitution  of  the  new  monarchy  is  recorded.  His 
first  kingly  act  is  to  rally  Israel  and  deliver  Jabesh-gilead 
by  a  defeat  of  the  Ammonites.     Samuel  now  secures  the 

8  Siuker,  13. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  89 

more  firm  ratification  of  Saul's  kingship,  and  then  lays 
down  his  own  work  as  judge.     (1  Sam.  x,  2 — xii). 

Wars    with   the    Philistines    and    other   surrounding  His  Disobedi- 
peoples  follow,  and  Samuel  has  to  reprove  Saul  for  hig  e*"^- "^tred  of 

■"•       -^  '  _  •'■  David,  and 

stubborn  disobedience.  David  slays  Goliath  and  is  more  Death. 
highly  praised  by  the  women  in  song  than  Saul.  Though 
he  has  soothed  Saul  in  his  melancholy  by  his  music,  and 
later  becomes  the  king's  son-in-law  by  marrying  Michal, 
though  Jonathan  comes  to  love  the  young  Bethlehemite 
with  an  affection  "passing  the  love  of  women,"  Saul  pur- 
sues him  for  years.  Twice  David  spares  his  enemy's  life. 
At  last,  confronted  by  a  powerful  force  of  the  Philistines, 
Saul,  getting  no  light  from  any  Divine  oracle,  goes  from 
Mt.  Gilboa  to  the  Witch  of  Endor.  There  a  message  from 
Samuel,  who  perhaps  is  permitted  to  appear  from  the 
dead,  confirms  the  king's  worst  fears,  and  the  next  day 
he  and  his  three  sons  are  slain.  His  reign  from  the 
retirement  of  Samuel  as  judge  was  probably  ten  years,  or 
from  1037  to  1017  B.  C*    (1  Sam.  xiii— xxxi). 


Saul  was  a  man  of  unusual  native  power.  His 
character  is  spoiled  by  a  dominating  selfishness.  He 
might  have  become  one  of  the  masterful  spirits  of 
the  w^orld  had  he  directed  his  abilities  along  the 
right  lines. 

"  Unless  above  himself  he  can  erect  himself, 
How  mean  a  thing  is  man !" 


STUDY  X.— Second  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xi,  13. 

Bead  1  Sam.  xi.     In  this  chapter,  both  in  vigorous 
action,  and  in  restraint  in  not  punishing  his  countrymen 
who  at  the  start  had  thought  lightly  of  his  ability,  is  seen 
the  nobler  Saul. 
Scripture  Outline. 

Chapter  names  of  1  Samuel:  1.  Samuel's  birth;  2.  Han- 
nah's song;  3.  The  boy  Samuel;  4.  The  ark  taken  ;  5.  Philistines 
4 Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  399,  401,  column  (e). 


90 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


aflaicted ;  6.  The  ark  restored ;  7.  Ebenezer ;  8.  Asking  for  a 
king;  9.  Saul  chosen;  10.  Saul  anointed;  11.  Saul  conquers 
Ammonites,  confirmed ;  12.  Samuel's  farewell ;  13.  At  Mich- 
mash,  Saul's  unlawful  burnt-offering;  14.  Battle  of  Michmash^ 
Jonathan  saved ;  15.  Affair  of  the  Amalekites,  Saul  rejected ; 
16.  David  anointed  king,  plays  before  Saul;  17.  David  and 
Goliath  ;  18.  Saul  jealous  of  David,  David  marries  Michal ;  19. 
David  helped  by  Jonathan  and  Michal,  meets  Samuel ;  20.  Jona- 
than's fidelity  to  David  ;  21.  David  with  Ahimelech  and  Achish  ; 
22.  Cave  of  Adullam,  crime  of  Doeg  and  Saul ;  23.  David  in  the 
South  Country ;  24.  Engedi,  David  spares  Saul  in  the  cave ;  25. 
David  kept  from  killing  Nabal,  marries  Abigail  and  Ahinoam ; 
26.  David  spares  Saul  at  Ziph ;  27.  David  at  Gath  and  Ziklag ; 
28.  Saul  with  the  Witch  of  Endor ;  29.  David's  return  from  the 
north ;  80.  Eecaptures  wives,  divides  spoil ;  31.  Saul  and  his 
sons  slain,  burial  at  Jabesh-gilead. 

STUDY  X. — Third  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xiii,  19. 

Read  1  Sam.  xiii.  The  first  serious  false  step  of  Saul 
is  his  offering  of  sacrifice,  instead  of  waiting  the  coming 
of  Samuel. 


^^o« 


,6EZER 


.<^ 


o"^  o 


GIBEON 


GATHo'^teyoFEL^^ 


^r^^^AH     <(^^      JERUSALEM 
^v  i^     /     "^ASHDOD^to  ©BEITH-SHEIMESH 


SOCOH® 


BETHLEHEM 


ADULLAM 


-ASHKELONf  ^V,!^ 

GOLIATH  DFADi 

j  I  sam.xvij,i|a  >~n-rn^i, 

°LACH15H     HEBRONq  ^^^ 

°GAZA                                                 ^  ENGEDI 

o  o, 

^ZIKLAG  MAONo 


Map  11.     Philistines,  Samson,  David,  Saul. 


Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  the  territory  of  Philistia  and  the  South 
Country;  study  the  physical  features  of  each,  as  the 
Maritime  Plain,  the  Shephelah,  and  the  Negeb;  locate 


Hebrew  National  Life.  91 

the  five  Philistine  cities,  and  Ziklag,  Adullam,  Ziph, 
Maon,  and  Engedi.  See  Maps  1  and  11  and  Map  L  in 
text-book ;  Blaikie,  Map  3 ;  Ottley,  Maps  4,  5 ;  MacCoun, 
I,  15-18,  40,  Maps  16-18,  40;  II,  39,  40,  Maps  83,  84. 

STUDY  X.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  sv,  22. 

Eead  1  Sam.  xv,  1-23.  The  willfulness  and  presump- 
tion of  Saul  now  causes  his  rejection.  Mr.  Moody  well 
remarks,  "  Sacrifice  without  obedience  is  sacrilege." 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  222-229  ;  Ottley,  125-135  ;  Barnicott,  71-81 ;  Beards- 
lee,  60-62;  Burney,  30,  41,  51,  81,  82,  87:  Matheson,  II,  172-194; 
Price,  131-133;  Salmond,  80-104;  Sinker,  1-60. 

STUDY  X.— -Fifth  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xxviii,  6. 

Read  1  Sam.  xxviii,  3-19.  Perhaps  there  is  no  better 
evidence  that  a  genuine  religious  experience  was  the 
fundamental  lack  with  Saul  than  his  desperate  plunge 
into  the  occult  in  this  supreme  crisis. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  Divine  penalty  for  impiety  and  sacrilege.  Lev.  x,  1,  2; 
Num.  iv,  20 ;  xviii,  7  ;  1  Sam.  ii,  30 ;  v,  19  ;  xiii,  9,  12-14 ;  xv,  22, 
23,  28 ;  2  Sam.  vi,  6,  7  ;  Jer.  xxxvi,  23,  29-31. 

2.  Scenes  light  and  dark  in  Saul's  life.  Blaikie,  223-229; 
Ottley,  125-135  ;  Barnicott,  71-81 ;  Matheson,  I,  265-270;  II,  173, 
185,  186;  Salmond,  80-103;  Sinker,  11-61. 

3.  Jonathan.  Matheson,  II,  172-194;  Sinker,  24-42;  Knox- 
Little,  28-37,  43,  44,  61. 

4.  The  Philistines.  Blaikie,  179;  Price,  130-133;  Bennett, 
21 ;  Sinker,  3,  4. 

5.  Jabesh-gilead.  1  Sam.  xi,  1-11;  xxxi,  11-13;  Blaikie, 
224,  225,  228,  239 ;   Bib.  Diet. 

6.  Armor  and  weapons  of  war  at  the  founding  of  the  mon- 
archy. 1  Sam.  xiii,  19  ;  xvii,  5-7,38-40, 49  ;  Judg.  xx,16;  1  Sam. 
xviii,  4;  xx,33,40;  xxxi,  3;  2Sam.  i,  18;  Sinker,  23;  Bib.  Diet., 
^'Armor,"  etc. 

STUDY  X.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Chron.  x,  13. 

Read  1  Chron.  x.  The  account  of  Saul's  death,  as 
given  in  vs.  4,  5,  and  in  1  Sam.  xxxi,  4,  5,  differs  from  the 


92  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

story  of  the  Amalekite  recorded  in  2  Sam.  i,  6-10,  but  it 
is  thought  that  he  made  up  his  account  as  he  supposed 
would  secure  him  favor  with  David. ^ 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  How  were  the  Israelites  at  fault  in  asking  for  a  king, 
since  God  told  Samuel  to  hearken  to  their  request  ?  See  Nar- 
rative. 

2.  What  were  some  of  the  favorable  qualities  of  Saul  ? 

3.  In  what  lay  the  chief  cause  of  his  failure  ? 

4.  How  would  you  describe  the  character  of  Jonathan  ? 

5.  What  are  some  of  the  evidences  that  he  gave  of  his  love 
for  David  ? 

6.  What  city  did  Saul  deliver  from  great  peril  in  his  first 
battle  ? 

7.  What  evidence  did  the  men  of  the  city  give  that  his 
service  was  remembered  ? 

STUDY  X.— Seventli  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Sam.  i,  26. 

Eead  2  Sam.  I,  17-27.  This  tribute  of  David  to  Saul 
and  Jonathan  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  and  touching  elegies  ever  produced.  It  would 
be  well  to  commit  vs.  19-27  to  memory. 

Personal  Tliought. 

"  Behold,  I  have  played  the  fool,  and  I  have  erred 
exceedingly."     (1  Sam.  xxvi,  21.) 

This  confession  was  wrung  from  Saul  late  in  life,  as 
he  contrasted  his  course  with  that  of  David,  who  had  just 
spared  his  life  for  the  second  time. 

Should  I  not  be  alert  and  on  my  guard,  lest  I  indulge 
some  sin  that  will  lead  me  to  utter  the  same  words  in. 
self -judgment? 

5  Sinker,  59. 


PART  v.— ELEVENTH  l^^EBK. 
DAVID. 


STUDY  XI.— First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xvi,  12. 

Eead  1  Sam.  xvi,  1-13. 

Narrative. 

With  the  reign  of  David,  Hebrew  national  life  attains  Puii  National 
its  full  development.     While  Solomon  adds  features  of  h"**"*' 

^  Kingly  David. 

splendor,  he  also  introduces  the  seeds  of  decadence,  as 
compared  with  the  fresh  and  virile  era  of  his  father. 
The  shepherd  boy,  who  through  great  barriers  and  suffer- 
ings comes  to  kingship,  reveals  at  every  turn  such  rare 
powers  of  nature,  such  delicate  and  ideal  modes  of  feel- 
ing, such  utterance  of  all  heart-cries,  especially  for  God 
and  goodness,  that  in  spite  of  his  failures  and  sins  he 
has  endeared  himself  to  the  whole  race.  In  form  and 
face  he  combined  points  of  unusual  attraction,  so  that  in 
youth,  it  is  said  of  him,  that  he  was  "ruddy  and  withal 
of  a  beautiful  countenance,  and  goodly  to  look  upon" 
(1  Sam.  xvi,  12).  He  was  an  athlete,  able,  without 
weapon,  to  slay  the  prowling  bear  from  Lebanon  or  the 
lurking  lion  from  the  Jordan;  to  sling  a  stone  at  a  hair- 
breadth and  not  miss,  or  break  a  bow  of  steel  with 
his  hands.  He  became  one  of  the  ablest  warriors  of  his 
time.  He  was  a  true  king  of  men,  having  the  wisdom, 
magnetism,  patience,  and  far-reaching  plans  with  which 
to  lead  and  enlarge  the  nation.  Re  was  also  an  intense 
lover  of  nature,  a  poet,  and  musician,  showing  the  most 
surprising  sentiments  of  nobility  and  chivalry,  of  refine- 
ment, love,  and  religion,  gleaming  out  of  those  old  times 
of  rapine  and  war,  like  cardinal  flowers  out  of  dark 
woods.     He  was  a  man  of  faith,  ever  yearning,  in  the 

93 


94 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Hto  Barliei' 
Years. 


His  L«ap  Into 
Fame  and 
Saul's 
Jealousy. 


depths  of  his  soul,  for  God,  and  to  whom  it  was  impos- 
sible to  live  without  God's  favor.  Because  he  thus 
combines  the  two  great  polar  opposites,  strength  and 
gentleness ;  because  he  was  ever  in  the  stress  of  practical 
affairs  as  a  leader  of  men,  and  yet  so  sensitive  that  he 
felt  the  emotional  side  in  all  life  and  at  the  same  time 
was  profoundly  religious,  he  has  interpreted  all  human 
experiences  more  helpfully  than  any  other  writer  of  the 
Bible.  Even  the  very  strength  of  his  passions  and  the 
depth  of  his  sin,  marked  by  his  most  genuine  repentance, 
is  perhaps  overruled  to  bring  him  nearer  than  he  would 
have  been  to  many. 

The  first  view  that  the  Scriptures  give  of  David  is 
when  God  directs  Samuel  to  go  to  Bethlehem  to  conduct 
a  sacrifice  at  the  home  of  Jesse,  and  to  anoint  one  of  his 
sons  as  Israel's  future  king.  David  was  in  the  field 
"keeping  the  sheep,"  but  when  he  is  called,  after  his 
brothers  have  passed  before  the  prophet,  Jehovah  desig- 
nates him  as  the  one  chosen.  Not  only  was  he  anointed 
by  Samuel,  but  "the  spirit  of  Jehovah  came  mightily 
upon"  him  "from  that  day  forward."  It  was  not  long 
before  he  was  called  to  Saul's  court,  to  play  upon  his 
harp  as  a  relief  to  the  king's  strange  melancholy.  1 
Sam.  xvi. 

David  next  slays  Goliath,  and  the  tribute  of  the 
women  in  their  songs  to  David  as  having  slain  his  "ten 
thousands,"  but  to  Saul  "his  thousands"  arouses  the 
monarch's  jealousy  and  growing  hatred,  that  never  after- 
ward ceases.  Still,  at  first  David  is  promoted  to  military 
command,  and  Saul's  daughter  given  him  in  marriage,  yet 
only  as  a  part  of  the  king's  purpose  to  secure  his  being 
slain.  These  plans  all  fail,  as  well  as  Saul's  own  attempts 
on  David's  life,  by  casting  his  spear  at  him  and  sending 
armed  men  to  his  home.  From  the  first,  a  devotion, 
without  parallel,  has  been  kindled  in  the  heart  of 
Jonathan  for  David,  "and  Jonathan  loved  him  as  his 
own  soul."     The  time  came  when  David  must  forsake 


Hebrew  National  Life.  95 

his  home  and  part  from  his  bosom  friend,  and  become 
a  wanderer  and  outlaw.     1  Sam.  xvii — xxi. 

A  long  period  of  extreme  peril  ensues,  during  which  Years  of  Peril. 
a  band  of  followers,  numbering  four  hundred  or  more, 
gradually  gather  around  David.  Most  of  his  places  of 
refuge  were  in  the  south  part  of  the  territory  of  Judah, 
which  evidences  to  the  friendliness  of  many  of  his  own 
tribe  to  David's  cause.  He  is  able  to  requite  this  help  by 
sending  portions  from  his  spoil  at  a  later  date  (1  Sam. 
XXX,  26-31).  He  also  found  some  places  of  refuge  outside 
his  own  land,  as  with  the  king  of  Moab  for  his  parents 
and  for  himself  in  Philistia.  During  this  period,  his 
marriage  with  Abigail  and  Ahinoam  occurred,  and  he 
finally  was  granted  Ziklag  by  Achish  of  Gath  as  a  place 
where  he  and  his,  men,  with  their  families,  might  abide. 
On  the  capture  of  this  plac€  by  the  Amalekites,  David 
returns  with  his  forces,  pursues  and  slaughters  these 
foes,  and  recovers  all  their  own  people  and  possessions, 
with  much  booty.  The  defeat  of  Israel,  and  death  of 
Saul  and  his  sons  on  Mt.  Gilboa,  close  this  period. 
1  Sam.  xxii — xxxi;  1  Chron.  x. 

The  closing  chapters  in  David's  life  were  his  reign  at  closing  ciiap- 
Hebron  over  Judah  for  seven  and  a  half  years  and  over  ***■* "' '-'^*' 
all  Israel  for  thirty-three  years,  with  Jerusalem,  after  its 
capture  and  fortification,  as  his  capital.  The  most  dis- 
tinctive events  in  these  later  years  were  the  bringing  of 
the  ark  to  Jerusalem,  David's  great  fall  into  temptation 
in  the  case  of  Bathsheba,  his  reproof  by  Nathan  the 
prophet  and  repentance,  the  birth  of  Solomon,  the  sin 
and  assassination  of  Amnon,  the  rebellion  and  death  of 
Absalom,  the  conquest  of  all  the  surrounding  enemies  of 
Israel,  and  David's  preparations  for  the  building  of  the 
temple.  The  length  of  the  reign  of  David  is  reckoned 
ag  forty  years,  from  1017  to  977  B.  C.^  2  Sam.  i — xxiv; 
1  Kings  i,  ii,  11;  1  Chron.  xi — xiix. 


iHast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  column  (c).    See  also  Ottley,  307. 


96  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

'•  I  took  thee  from  the  sheepcote,  from  following 
the  sheep,  to  be  ruler  over  my  people,  over  Israel." 
Many  of  God's  greatest  servants  have  come  from 
the  humblest  circumstances.  In  choosing  a  man 
for  a  great  w^ork,  God  seems  to  pay  little  attention 
to  environment.  An  honest,  sincere,  and  noble  pur- 
pose in  life  seems  to  be  the  requisite  for  the  Divine 
favor.     All  history  proves  it. 


STUDY  XI.— Second  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xvii,45. 

Eead  1  Sam.  xvii.  Many  a  Goliath  of  evil,  defying 
"the  armies  of  the  living  God,"  to-day  if  met  in  the 
faith  and  courage  of  David,  can  be  vanquished.^ 

Scripture  Outline. 

2  Samuel:    (1)  David's  reign  in  Hebron  over  Judah,  i — iv; 

(2)  David  assures  his  reign  in  Jerusalem  over  all  Israel,  v — ix ; 

(3)  David's  course  after  he  was  settled  in  the  kingdom,  x — xxiv. 

STUDY  Xi. — Third  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Sam.  xxv,  29. 

Read  1  Sam,  xxv,  14-44,  This  passage  shows  inci- 
dentally how  David  and  his  men  subsisted  in  part  during 
these  years.  They  could  give  protection  to  those  who 
needed  it  (vs.  16),  and  might  expect  some  supplies  from 
such  in  return.  The  town  of  Jezreel  from  which  Ahinoam 
came  (vs.  43)  was  in  Judah,  and  not  the  northern  Jezreel. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  showing  the  extent  of  territory  finally 
under  David  and  Solomon  which  embraced  60,000  square 
miles  as  compared  with  6,000  under  Saul.     See  Map  12 


2  Prof.  W.  J,  Beecher  (Hast.  Bib.  Diet,,  II,  227)  says  on  the  height  of 
Goliath :  "  Counting  the  cubit  at  21  Inches,  this  would  make  him  over  11 
feet  high,  (1  Sam.  xvii,  4),  and  over  9  feet  high  if  we  count  the  cubit  a 
handbreadth  shorter.  If  he  was  measured  in  his  armoi%  from  the 
ground  to  the  top  of  his  helmet-crest,  this  is  not  incredible,  though  he 
Is  probably  the  largest  man  of  whom  we  have  any  authentic  record." 
But,  in  1905,  Machnow  the  Russian  giant  appearing  in  London  was 
reported  oy  the  Times  and  other  papers  to  be  9  feet  8  inches  high,  which 
would  probably  fully  equal  the  height  of  Goliath. 


Hebrew  National  Life. 


97 


in  text-book;  Hurlbut,  68-71,  and  Map;   MacCoun,  II, 
41-45,  and  Map  87. 


''  Tipsa 
<o 

\Tad'mor 
-Kadesh  of     °/ 
t-heHittites  ♦ 

Damascus  / 

--     'o      ! 

^     I 


SA.LEM 


Ezior],^-Gebcr 


Map  12,    Kingdom  of  David  and  Solomon. 
STUDY  XI.— Fourth  Day.       Memory  Verse,  2  Sam.  vi,  15. 

Eead  2  Sam.  v,  1-12;  vi,  1-15.  The  religious  spirit 
of  David  is  seen  in  the  fact  that  as  soon  as  Jerusalem  is 
secured  as  his  capital  over  all  Israel  and  made  free  from 
any  danger  from  Philistine  incursions,  he  takes  steps  to 
bring  the  ark  to  this  national  center. 
General  References. 

Blaikie,  229-257;  Ottley,  128-149;  Barnicott,  74-86  ;  Beards- 
lee,  60-65,  210;  Burney,  35,  61,  68,  69,  82;  Matheson,  I,  261-282; 
II,  195-216  ;  W.  B.,  95-103  ;  Brown,  52-59  ;  Price,  133-136 ;  Knox- 
Little,  entire. 

STUDY  XI.— Fifth  Day.      Memory  Verse,  2  Sam.  xii,  7. 

Eead  2  Sam.  xii,  1  -  23.  The  example  of  Nathan 
teaches  how  important  is  the  work  of  giving  reproof, 

7 


98  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


but  also  how  essential  to  success  is  the  way  in  which  it 
is  given.  On  verse  14,  Mr.  Moody  notes,  "  How  often  is 
David  held  up  by  infidels  now!  The  Scripture  is  fulfilled." 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God  is  man's  real  heritage.  Deut.  xxx,  20 ;  2  Sam.  vii 
24 ;  Psa.  xvi,  2,  5,  xlii,  1,  2 ;  Lam.  iii,  24 ;  Matt,  vi,  33  ;  Rom.  viii, 
17;  Rev.  xxi,  3,  7. 

2.  The  far-reaching  influence  of  David's  genius.  2  Sam. 
vii,  9,  16;  1  Chron.  xxviii,  4;  xxix,  29,  30;  Matt,  xxii,  41,  42; 
Acts  ii,  29-31 ;  Blaikie,  231,  257 ;  Matheson,  I,  262-281. 

3.  Sketch  of  Abner.  1  Sam.  xiv,  50,  51 ;  2  Sam.  ii,  8— iv,  1 ; 
Ottley,  135,  136;  Knox-Little,  61-63. 

4.  Joab  as  illustrating  the  methods  of  a  successful  military 
commander  of  that  time.     Blaikie,  249  ;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet. 

5.  Brief  dramatic  story  of  Absalom's  rebellion.  2  Sam.  xiv- 
xviii;  Blaikie,  247-249;  Ottley,  142-145;  Barnicott,  84,  85. 

STUDY  XI.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Sam.  xviii,  33. 

Read  2  Sam.  xv,  1-12;  xviii,  31-33.  Here  is  seen  in 
brief  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  typical  fast  young  man  of 
Old  Testament  times. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  was  David's  appearance  in  his  youth? 

2.  Where  was  David's  first  capital? 

3.  How  long  did  he  reign  there? 

4.  What  two  men  mainly  held  together  Northern  Israel 
during  this  time  ? 

5.  Who  was  David's  leading  general? 

6.  Can  you  briefly  give  the  character  and  influence  of  David? 

STUDY  XI. — Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Chron.  xvii,7. 

Read  1  Chron.  xvii,  1-15.  When  David  purposed  to 
build  a  house  for  God,  he  was  rewarded  by  God's  prom- 
ise to  build  David's  house  so  that  it  should  last  forever. 

Personal  Thought. 

"  I  have  found  David  .  .  .  a  man  after  my  heart.'* 
(Acts  xiii,  22.) 


Hebrew  National  Life.  99 

Why  does  Paul  state  that,  in  substance,  God  says  this 
of  David  ?  Not  because  David  was  perfect,  but  because, 
as  Paul  adds,  he  met  the  Divine  condition:  he  *'  shall  do 
all  my  will." 

Am  I  trying  in  this  way  to  be  one  after  God's  heart  ? 


PART  v.— TWELFTH  "WEEK. 

SOLOMOK. 


Contrasted 
Missions  of 
David  and 
Solomon. 


Judgments  of 
Necessity  or 
Policy. 


Solomon's 
Alliances  and 
Popularity. 


STUDY  XII.— First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  i,  39. 
Eead  1  Kinga  i,  32-40. 

Narrative. 

That  the  mission  opening  to  Solomon  was  in  marked 
contrast  with  that  of  David  was  clear  from  "the  word  of 
Jehovah,"  which  came  to  David,  saying,  "Thou  shalt 
not  build  a  house  unto  my  name,  because  thou  hast  shed 
much  blood.  .  .  .  Behold,  a  son  shall  be  born  to 
thee,  who  shall  be  a  man  of  rest;  .  .  .  and  I  will 
give  peace  and  quietness  unto  Israel  in  his  days"  (1 
Chron.  xxii,  8,  9),  Briefly  stated,  the  work  of  Solomon 
in  its  national  aspect  was  the  fortification  and  consolida- 
tion of  the  empire  left  by  his  father.  He  was  not  to  be  a 
man  of  war,  but  a  builder,  developer,  and  administrator. 

It  seemed  to  be  the  sad  policy  or  necessity  of  the  one 
coming  to  tlie  throne  in  those  times,  before  anything  like 
modern  constitutional  guards  and  powers  existed,  to  put 
out  of  the  way  those  who  might  endanger  his  govern- 
ment. So  Solomon,  though  he  appeared  ready  to  act 
fairly,  soon  brought  about,  for  one  cause  and  another,  the 
execution  of  Adonijah,  Joab,  and  Shimei,  and  sent 
Abiathar  the  high-priest  to  abide  at  Anathoth,  thus  end- 
ing the  service  of  the  line  of  Eli,  and  putting  Zadok,  of 
another  priestly  family,  in  his  place.     1  Kings  ii. 

The  period  of  David  and  Solomon  was  peculiarly  fav- 
orable for  the  expanded  kingdom  of  the  Hebrew  people, 
because  both  Egypt  and  Assyria  were  at  a  low  ebb.  All 
the  more  easily  was  Solomon  able  to  make  an  alli- 
ance by  marriage  with  the  Pharaoh  of  the  twenty-first 
dynasty,  who  ruled  the  Delta,  with  his  capital  at  Zoan.^ 

1  Bayce,  Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  460. 
100 


Hebrew  National  Life.  loi 

The  Egyptian  princess  brought  as  her  dowry  the 
Canaanite  city  of  Gezer,  northwest  of  Jerusalem,  which 
shows  to  how  late  a  date  the  claim  of  Egypt  over  some 
part  of  the  promised  land  continued.  Solomon  also 
entered  into  close  political  and  commercial  relations  with 
Hiram,  king  of  Tyre  or  Phcenicia.  Moreover,  the  young 
king's  desire  for  wisdom  and  "an  understanding  heart" 
to  judge  his  people,  and  his  quickness  and  depth  of 
insight,  seen  in  his  solution  of  the  case  of  the  two 
women  claiming  the  same  child,  gave  him  strength  in 
his  administration.     1  Kings  iii;  v,  13;  ix,  10-14,  16. 

The  way  was  thus  prepared  for  the  great  building  era  his  Great 
of  Solomon's  reign.    The  best  view  now  adopted  by  many  ^""'""^  ^"^ 
scholars  is  that  the  early  fortress  of  Jebus  and  the  city  of  Temple. 
David,  or  Zion,  which  succeeded  to  it,  were  on  Ophel, 
the   southern    part  of    the   eastern  ridge  of   the  site  of 
Jerusalem,    south    of    what    became    the    temple    area.^ 

The  new  and  extensive  palace  buildings  of  Solomon 
were  erected  north  of  the  city  of  David,  so  that  they 
were  on  the  southern  part  of  Mt.  Moriah,  and  the  temple 
site  adjoined  them  on  the  north.  Hiram  greatly  aided 
these  undertakings,  by  furnishing  skilled  designers  and 
overseers  and  a  large  part  of  the  material.  The  temple 
was  begun  in  the  fourth  year  of  Solomon's  reign,  or  973 
B.  C,  and  finished  in  seven  years,  while  the  palace 
buildings  were  thirteen  years  in  process  of  erection. 
The  offerings  at  the  dedication  of  the  temple  were  most 
extensive,  and  Solomon's  dedicatory  prayer  was  peculiarly 
appropriate  and  impressive.  1  Kings  v — viii ;  2  Chron. 
ii — vii. 

At  a  later  time,  the  Queen  of  Sheba,  now  known  to  be  Expansion  of 
Saba,  in  south  Arabia,^  visited  Solomon,  and  was  deeply  ^^'"^  ""*• 

_______  '  '  ^    -^  Fortune  but 

Shadowed 

2  Driver,  art.  "  Jebus ;"  C.  Warren,  art.  "  Ophel ;"  T.  W.  Da  vies,  art.  Ending. 
"Temple;"  O.  W.  Wilson,  art.  "Zion,"  (all  in  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.);  Sayce, 
Early  History  of  the  Hebrews,  465-467 ;  Kent,  History  of  the  Hebreio  People, 

The  United  Kingdom,  144, 145, 190 ;  G.  A.  Smith,  Encyclopoedia  Biblica,  2418. 

3  Sayce,   Early   History  of  the  Hebrews,   459,   460;    Winterbotham, 

76-78. 


I02  Studies  In  the  Old  Testament. 

moved  by  the  glory  of  his  kingdom  and  his  wisdom. 
The  king  also  laid  the  foundation  of  the  proverbial 
literature  of  Israel.  Not  only  were  the  walls  of  Jerusa- 
lem extended  and  its  water  supply  more  fully  provided 
for,  but  at  strategic  points  cities  were  fortified,  equipped 
with  arsenals,  and  garrisoned.  Extending  from  north  to 
south,  these  centers  of  defense  were  Hazor,  Megiddo, 
Baalath,  Beth-horon,  Gezer,  and  Tamar.  The  last  named 
guarded  the  road  to  Ezion-geber,  Solomon's  port  on  the 
eastern  arm  of  the  Eed  Sea.  The  Phoenicians  furnished 
sailors  for  the  king's  trade-fleet.*  Important  lines  of 
land  commerce  were  developed.  Horses  and  chariots 
became  a  feature  of  the  royal  establishment,  and  were 
also  brought  from  Egypt  and  sold  to  the  peoples  to  the 
north.  Gold,  silver,  precious  stones,  ivory,  garments, 
armor,  spices,  rare  woods,  horses,  mules,  apes,  peacocks, 
were  among  the  objects  of  traffic  and  tribute.  Wheat 
and  oil  were  supplied  to  Tyre,  in  return  for  the  services 
rendered  by  her  king  and  people.  This  almost  unpar- 
alleled change,  in  a  single  generation,  in  the  economic 
conditions  of  the  kingdom  involved  such  a  rigid  division 
of  the  population  into  great  working  companies,  under 
hundreds  of  overseers  or  taskmasters,  and  called  for  the 
districting  of  the  territory  and  such  burdens  of  taxation 
for  all  the  Hebrews  except  the  favored  tribe  of  Judah, 
that  a  reaction  was  sure  to  occur.  Leaders  of  revolt 
gradually  arose  in  some  of  the  subject  territory.  The 
prophet  Ahijah  and  overseer  Jeroboam  showed  how 
restless  were  some  of  the  Israelites,  especially  of  the 
Ephraimite  wing  of  the  nation.  Solomon's  vast  harem 
of  the  women  of  various  races,  with  their  altars  to  other 
gods  on  Mt.  Olivet  and  sacrifices,  led  the  heart  of  the 
king  astray,  so  that  his  reign  closed  with  a  measure  of 
shadow  over  its  brighter  morning  and  noontide.  But, 
without  doubt,  the  crystallizing  of  such  vast  material 


4  Ball,  Light  from  the  East,   196,  197,  sliows  ancient  ships  from  the 
monuments. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  103 

resources  in  temple  and  palace,  and  in  strengthening  the 
capital  and  the  frontier,  formed  a  step  in  perpetuating 
the  coming  kingdom  of  Judah,  and  so  making  her  the 
candlestick  to  send  the  light  of  the  Hebrew  prophets 
down  the  ages.  The  time  of  Solomon^s  reign  was  forty 
years,  from  977  to  937  B.  0/  1  Kings  iv,  ix— xi;  1 
Chron.  i,  14-17;  viii,  ix. 


Like  the  ruin  of  some  great  temple  the  career  of 
Solomon  stands  before  us,  its  chief  grandeur  being 
in  its  suggestiveness  of  a  departed  glory.  The  prayer 
of  his  early  manhood  was  expressed  in  the  request, 
*'Give  thy  servant  therefore  an  understanding  heart 
to  judge  thy  people,  that  I  may  discern  betw^een  good 
and  evil."  How  far,  alas,  did  he  depart  in  later  years 
from  this  noble  wish !  It  is  the  case  of  a  man  being 
destroyed  by  w^orldly  prosperity — a  warning  to 
every  one. 


STUDY  XII. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  iii,  7. 

Read  1  Kings  iii.  If  Solomon  had  kept  himself  in 
the  humble  and  reverent  spirit  with  which  he  began  his 
reign,  it  is  not  easy  to  say  what  true  glory  would  now 
attach  to  his  name. 

Scripture  Outline. 

1  and  2  Kings:   (1)    The  reign  of  Solomon,  1  Kings  i — xi; 

(2)  The  two  kingdoms,  to  722  B.  C,  1  Kings  xii — 2  Kings  xvii; 

(3)  The  kingdom  of  Judah,  to  586  B.  C. ,  2  Kings  xviii— xxv. 

STUDY  XII. — Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  vi,  7. 

Read  1  Kings  v.  1-8,  17;  vi,  1-7.  The  Memory  Verse 
may  teach  the  great  truth  that  the  most  impressive  and 
enduring  public  work  is  always  carefully  prepared  for  in 
private. 


6Hiist.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  column  (c). 


I04 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  simple  map  or  plan  of  the  early  City  of  David, 
and  then  show  the  addition  to  it  of  Solomon's  palace 
buildings,  the  temple  area,  and  the  new  city  walls.  See 
Map  13  in  text-book ;  MacCoun,  II,  42-45,  and  Maps  86-88. 


Map  13.    Early  Jerusalem. 
a.— David's  House.    6.— Solomon's  House  of  the  Forest  of  Lebanon, 
c— Triple  and  Double  Gates,    d.— Royal  Palace,    c— Harem,    s.— Altar, 
i.— Temple. 

STUDY  XII.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  viii,  27. 

Read  1  Kings  viii,  1-30.  Solomon  connects  a  noble 
thought  with  the  temple,  asking  that  it  may  above  all 
else  inspire  and  bring  assurance  of  answer  to  prayer. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  257-266  ;  Ottley,  150-158  ;  Barnicott,  86-90;  Beards- 
lee,  65-70;  Burney,  39,  51,  61;  Matheson,  I,  283-303;  Brown, 
62-81;  Price,  136-139;  Winterbotham,  entire. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  105 

STU  DY  XI  I.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  ix,  2. 

Read  2  Chron.  ix,  1-12.  Research  is  more  and  more 
clearly  disclosing  conditions  in  the  long  past  in  this 
Arabic  region  of  Saba,  confirming  the  points  of  the 
prominence  of  women  and  abundance  of  the  products 
which  the  queen  brought  to  Solomon. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God  is  the  hearer  of  prayer.  Ex.  iii,  7;  1  Sam.  i,  27;  1 
Kings  viii,  30,  38,  39,  41,  42  ;  2  Chron.  vi,  40;  Psa.  Ixv,  2;  Prov. 
XV,  29  ;  Matt,  vii,  7  ;  Acts  x,  30,  31 ;  James  v,  16  ;  Rev.  viii,  3,  4. 

2.  Gain  and.  loss  of  the  new  civilization  which  Solomon  gave 
the  Hebrew  nation.  Blaikie,  262-266 ;  Ottley,  152-157;  Price, 
136-139. 

8.  Ground  plan  of  Solomon's  Temple.  Hurlbut,  71 ;  Hast. 
Bib.  Diet.  IV,  697-<399. 

4.  Kingdom  of  Sheba  or  Saba.  Blaikie,  259;  Hast.  Bib. 
Diet.,  art.  "Sheba." 

5.  The  plant  and  tree  world  of  Palestine  and  Phoenicia.  1 
Kings  iv,  33  ;  V,  8 ;  vi,  29-34  ;  x,  27 ;  Blaikie,  209 ;  Bib.  Diet. 

STUDY  XH. — Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xi,  6. 

Read  1  Kings  ix,  15-19,  26-28;  xi,  6-12.  It  is  here 
seen  that  the  glory  and  luxury  of  Solomon's  kingdom 
were  purchased  at  too  great  a  price,  and  in  the  end  led 
to  the  renewed  desire  of  the  northern  tribes  to  be  free 
from  the  burdens  which  had  come  to  them  by  their  union 
with  Judah. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  In  what  ways  is  the  reign  of  Solomon  chiefly  to  be  con- 
trasted with  that  of  David  ? 

2.  With  what  two  important  powers  did  he  come  into 
alliance  ? 

3.  What  date  is  given  for  the  founding  of  the  temple? 

4.  How  long  was  it  in  process  of  building? 

5.  What  are  some  of  the  products  of  trade  and  tribute  that 
show  the  opulence  of  Solomon? 

6.  What  are  some  of  the  wrong  and  weakening  factors  in  his 
life  and  government? 


io6         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  XII. — Seventh  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Psa.  Ixxii,  10. 

Read  Psa.  Ixxii.  Davison  says  that  this  psalm  "was 
probably  written  during  the  heyday  of  monarchical 
power,"  but  that  it  is  likely  that  it  was  entitled  "of  Sol- 
omon," because  it  seemed  to  befit  his  circumstances, 
while  the  only  real  correspondence  to  its  exalted  vision 
is  Christ.^ 

Persona!  Thought. 

"The  queen  of  the  south  shall  rise  up  in  the  judg- 
ment with  this  generation,  and  shall  condemn  it :  for  she 
came  from  the  ends  of  the  earth  to  hear  the  wisdom  of 
Solomon;  and  behold,  a  greater  than  Solomon  is  here." 
(Matt,  xii,  42.) 

If  the  queen  of  Sheba  came  to  Solomon  that  he  might 
answer  "all  her  questions " and  give  her  "all  her  desire" 
(1  Kings  X,  3,  13),  will  not  I  be  forever  condemned  at 
the  day  of  judgment  if  I  have  not  brought  the  needs  of 
my  immortal  soul  to  Christ  ? 


6 Davison  (Psa.),  53,  59,  227. 


PART  v.— THIRTEENTH  TVEEK. 
EEHOBOAM  AND  JEROBOAM. 


STUDY  XIII.— First  Day.    Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  x,  15. 

Read  2  Chron.  x,  1-15. 

Narrative. 

The  first  impression  in  reading  the  Biblical  account  causes  for 
of  the  division  of  the  Hebrew  people  into  two  kingdoms  ]["^'^*|'*"** 
after  the  death  of  Solomon  is  that  it  was  due  to  the 
harsh  words  of  Rehoboam,  in  answering  the  request  of 
his  subjects  that  their  heavy  yoke  of  service  might  be 
lio-htened.  But  a  close  attention  to  the  record  shows 
other  and  deeper  causes.  There  had  probably  never  been 
a  genuine  union  of  northern  and  southern  Israel.  The 
Ephraimite  section  had  enjoyed  the  prestige  of  leadership 
for  long  periods  at  earlier  times,  and  claimed  such  notable 
names  as  those  of  Joshua,  Deborah,  Barak,  Gideon? 
Samuel,  and  Saul.  It  was  a  peculiar  situation  of  weak- 
ness, aided  by  the  assassination  of  Ishbosheth  and  Abner, 
that  led  the  northern  tribes  to  put  themselves  under 
the  magnetic  David,  after  he  had  been  king  of  Judah  for 
over  seven  years  and  had  paid  special  honor  to  the 
memory  of  Abner.  Then  his  campaigns  with  his  united 
forces  so  completely  delivered  the  north  as  well  as  the 
south  from  any  further  danger  from  the  Philistines,  and 
so  extended  the  boundaries  of  Israel  on  the  northeast 
that  the  northern  tribes  would  naturally  be  loyal  to  him 
during  his  lifetime.  Yet,  after  the  rebellion  of  Absalom 
was  crushed,  they  all  but  broke  away  through  jealousy 
of  Judah  (1  Kings  xix,  40 — xx,  2.) 

When  the  first  glamour  of  the  career  and  policies  of  arowingr  dis- 
Solomon  was  past,  the  Ephraimites  found  that  their  ^«^*^''*^"'"'"' 
tribal  organizations  were  ignored.    Districts  for  taxation, 

107 


io8  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

classes  to  supply  vast  levies  of  food  for  the  king's  court, 
and  companies  to  attend  on  his  pleasure  were  formed, 
while  the  treasures  of  the  whole  realm  were  poured  into 
the  lap  of  Judah  and  Jerusalem.  It  is  not  strange  that 
Ahijah,  a  prophet  of  Ephraim,  and  Jeroboam,  "a  mighty 
man  of  valor "  among  her  sons,  who,  by  his  position  as 
overseer  of  task- work  could  observe  the  burdens  laid  on 
the  people,  should  be  the  first  to  take  steps  for  relief. 
Jeroboam's  attempt  to  do  this  during  the  reign  of  Solo- 
mon failed,  and  he  fled  to  Egypt  and  found  refuge  with 
Shishak,  first  king  of  the  twenty-second  dynasty.  (1  Sam. 
viii,  10-18;  1  Kings  iv,  9-28;  v,  13,  14;  xi,  26-40.) 
Divine  It  also  seems  probable  that  God  had  in  view  in  per- 

Purpose.  mitting  the  division  to  occur  the  more  thorough  sifting 
out  and  training  of  a  true  spiritual  Israel  of  the  future. 
The  united  kingdom  had  taken  a  wrong  direction,  and 
Solomon's  many  foreign  alliances  by  marriage  with  those 
who  brought  in  shrines  to  other  gods,  his  luxury  and 
extravagance  making  necessary  the  oppressive  taxation 
and  toil  of  the  masses,  were  fast  turning  the  Israelite 
commonwealth  into  another  Oriental  despotism  like  those 
around  it.  The  division  into  two  kingdoms  ruled  out  the 
possibility  of  a  great  Jewish  Empire;  south  and  north 
exercised  a  check  upon  each  other,  in  part  at  least,  as 
one  or  the  other  was  more  true  to  Jehovah;  and  the 
comparatively  slight  weight  of  either  in  world  politics 
enabled  the  prophets  rather  than  the  sovereigns  to  mold 
the  destiny  of  the  Hebrew  people. 
Two  Kingdoms  After  the  death  of  Solomon,  Eehoboam,  his  son,  and 
and  Their  successor  to  the  throuc,  "went  to  Shechem  "  (1  Kings 
xii,  1),  perhaps  that  he  might  be  more  sure  that  the 
northern  Israelites  would  have  a  part  in  his  inauguration. 
Jeroboam  had  probably  been  sent  for  to  come  out  of 
Egypt,  and  was  at  hand.  When,  therefore,  Eehoboam, 
after  three  days,  gave  a  rough  and  exasperating  reply  to 
the  request  of  the  people  that  their  burdens  under  his 
father  should  be  lightened,  the  conditions  were  ripe,  and 


Hebrew  National  Life.  109 

the  ten  tribes  revolted  and  formed  the  Northern  Kingdom, 
with  Jeroboam  at  its  head.  Adoram,  an  overseer  or  tax 
collector,  was  stoned  to  death,  and  Rehoboam  fled  to 
Jerusalem.  The  kingdom  of  Israel  included,  east  of  the 
Jordan,  Reuben  and  Gad;  and,  beginning  about  five 
miles  north  of  Jerusalem,  most  of  Benjamin;  then  to 
the  northward,  Ephraim,  Manasseh,  Issachar,  Zebulun, 
Naphtali,  Dan,  and  Asher,  with  about  9,400  square 
miles  of  territory  and  three  and  one-half  million  popula- 
tion.^ The  tribe  of  Judah  had  practically  absorbed  the 
Simeonites,  and  many  of  the  priests  and  Levites  from 
the  north,  at  the  time  of  the  disruption,  left  their  cities 
and  suburbs  and  went  to  the  Southern  Kingdom. 
Perhaps  some  part  of  the  tribe  of  Dan,  as  well  as 
southern  Benjamin,  may  also  have  been  merged  with 
Judah,  but  the  total  was  not  more  than  one  and  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  population  in  about  3,400  square 
miles  of  territory.^     1  Kings  xii,  1-20;  2  Chron.  x. 

Rehoboam  assembled  a  large  army,  but  Shemaiah,  a  Warlike 
prophet,  restrained  him  from  war,  and  the  force  returned  ^o^*™*'***- 
to  their  homes.  Later,  the  king  fortified  many  towns, 
and  placed  his  sons  over  the  garrisons.  In  his  fifth  year, 
Shishak  invaded  Judah  and  carried  off  treasure  from  the 
palace  and  temple,  and  his  inscription  at  Karnak  shows 
that  he  also  took  cities  of  the  Northern  Kingdom. 

Jeroboam's  capitals  were  Shechem  and  probably  Tirzah,  Tendencies  in 
with  an  auxiliary  center  at  Penuel,  east  of  the  Jordan.  He  5^^'^**'^*'*"' 
made  religious  centers  of  Bethel  and  Dan,  setting  up  calves 
of  gold  as  symbols  of  Jehovah  and  consecrating  priests  not 
of  the  line  of  Aaron,  that  he  might  keep  his  people  from  go- 
ing up  to  Jerusalem.  In  this  way  his  name  is  linked  with 
this  worship,  as  the  one  who  "made  Israel  to  sin,"  and  he 
was  restrained  by  a  prophet  from  Judah,  when  burning 
incense,  by  having  his  hand  withered,  and  then  restored. 
When  Abijah,  the  young  son  of  Jeroboam,  was  sick,  the 
mother  went  disguised  to  see  the  aged  and  blind  prophet, 

iBarnicott,  93;  Walker,  13;  Given,  12;   Hurlbut,  87. 


no         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Faith  of 
Jehovah  the 
Real  Issue. 


Dates. 


Ahijah,  at  Shiloh,  but  she  was  at  once  known,  and  the 
prophet  had  only  a  sad  message  to  send  back  by  her  to 
the  royal  home  at  Tirzah,  a  few  miles  northeast  of 
Shechem. 

Only  the  Chronicler  gives  particulars  of  a  war  between 
Jeroboam  and  Abijam,  the  son  and  successor  of  Reho- 
boam.  The  young  Judean  king  is  represented  as  winning 
a  great  battle  with  an  army  only  half  as  large  as  Jero- 
boam's, because  "the  children  of  Judah"  "relied  upon 
Jehovah,  the  God  of  their  fathers." 

The  dates  for  the  reigns  of  Rehoboam  and  Abijam  are 
937-920  and  920-917  B.  C,  and  for  that  of  Jeroboam, 
937-915  B.  C*  1  Kings  xii,  21— xv,  8;  2  Chron.  xi— 
xiv,  1. 


Division  -was  the  inevitable  consequence  of  such 
a  career  as  that  of  Solomon.  Inviolable  justice  and 
genuine  love  alone  form  "the  bond  of  perfectness" 
(Col.  iii,  14)  whether  of  individuals  or  communities. 


STUDY  XIII. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xii,  24. 

Read  1  Kings  xii,  16-33,  Jeroboam  did  not  probably 
intend  to  abandon  the  religion  of  Jehovah,  but  his  use  of 
the  calf  images  was  as  misleading  as  Aaron's  making  of 
one  was  at  Sinai. 


Scripture  Outline. 

1  and  2  Chronicles :'  (1)  Genealogical  record  from  Adam  to 
the  times  of  David,  1  Chron.  i — ix  ;  (2)  David's  reign,  following 
the  death  of  Saul,  1  Chron.  x— xxix ;  (3)  Solomon's  reign,  2 
Chron.  i— ix  ;  (4)  Division  of  the  kingdom  and  annals  of  Judah 
till  the  return  from  captivity,  2  Chron.  x— xxxvi. 


2 Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  I,  401,  columns  (c)  and  (/). 

3  The  Books  of  Chronicles  are  very  distinct  from  the  Books  of  Kings, 
being  written  from  the  point  of  view  of  the  temple  service,  and  at  a 
later  date  than  Kings.  They  also  aim,  after  the  time  of  Jeroboam,  to 
cover  only  the  kingdom  of  Judah.    See  Fifth  Day,  Topic  4. 


Hebrew  National  Life. 


Ill 


STUDY  XIII. — Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xiii,  6. 

Eead  1  Kings  xiii,  1-6,  33,  34.  The  point  to  be  noted 
is  the  slight  impression  which  even  the  withering  and 
healing  of  Jeroboam's  hand  seems  to  make  on  him. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Outline  the  two  kingdoms  of  Israel  and  Judah,  plac- 
ing  in   the   former,  Shechem,  Tirzah,  Jezreel,  Penuel, 


w 


SYRIA 

DAMASCUS 


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jabe5h-gilead 
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Map  14.     After  Time  of  Solomon. 

Jabesh-Gilead,  and  Bethel  and  Dan;  in  the  latter,  Jeru- 
salem, Aijalon,  Azekah,  Mareshah,  and  Lachish  (2  Chron. 
xi,  7,  8),  as  showing  the  line  of  defense  on  the  western 
border.    See  Maps  3  and  14  in  text-book ;  Ottley,  Map  5. 


112  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  Xm. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xiv,  15. 

Eead  1  Kings  xiv,  1-6,  12-16.  As  Ahijah  was  the  first 
to  show  to  Jeroboam,  then  a  "young  man,"  that  he  was 
to  be  king  (1  Kings  xi,  28-31),  so  now  in  the  prophet's 
old  age  he  has  to  show  the  judgments  that  are  coming  on 
the  king's  family. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  266-273,  303,  304 ;  Ottley,  158-161 ;  Barnicott,  90-96, 
111 ;  Beardslee,  208-215 ;  Burney,  39,  46,  47,  86  ;  Price,  140-142 ; 
Given,  9-17 ;  Walker,  9-30. 

STUDY  XIII.— Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xiv,  25. 

Read  1  Kings  xiv,  21-31.  The  sinful  and  idolatrous 
practices  of  the  Kingdom  of  Judah  are  faithfully  recorded, 
and  the  chastisement  through  the  invasion  by  Shishak, 
who  carried  off  a  large  part  of  the  rich  treasures  accumu- 
lated by  Solomon. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God  fulfills  his  word.  Josh.  xxi,45;  1  Kings  viii,  56; 
xii,  15  ;  xiii,  3,  5,  26,  32  ;  2  Kings  x,  10 ;  2  Chron.  xxxvi,  21 ;  Psa. 
cxxxviii,  2;  Isa.  xl,  8;  Matt,  xxiv,  35;  Rev.  xviii,  17. 

2.  Relioboam  as  molding  the  future  of  Judah.  Blaikie,  303, 
304;  Given,  13-15. 

3.  Jeroboam  a  fateful  founder  of  the  Kingdom  of  Israel. 
Blaikie,  271-273:  Ottley,  160, 161 ;  Barnicott,  95  ;  "Winterbotham, 
84-86 ;  Walker,  15-30. 

4.  Books  of  Kings  and  Chronicles  —  points  of  likeness  and 
contrast.    Beardslee,  65-70,  208-215  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

5.  Shishak  and  his  inscription  at  Karnak.  Blaikie,  303,  304 ; 
Price,  140-142. 

6.  Places  and  objects  connected  with  worship,  such  as 
"calves,"  "high  places,"  "pillars,"  "Asherim."  1  Kings  xii, 
28— xiii,  5 ;  xiv,  9, 15,  23 ;  2  Kings  xvii,  7-17  ;  2  Chron.  xiii,  8-11 ; 
Burney,  40-47  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

STUDY  XIII.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  xiii,  10. 

Read  2  Chron.  xiii,  1-12.  Twofold  more  men  than 
his   foe,  handled   with   careful   strategy,  can  not   cause 


Hebrew  National  Life.  113 

Jeroboam  to  "prosper"  because  he  is  fighting  "against 
Jehovahl"  (vs.  12). 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  were  some  of  the  deeper  causes  leading  to  the 
division  of  the  Kingdom  of  Solomon  into  Judah  and  Israel? 
See  Narrative. 

2.  What  was  the  immediate  cause  ? 

3.  About  how  large  in  area  and  population  was  each  king- 
dom?    See  Narrative. 

4.  What  steps  did  Eehoboam  take  to  bring  back  the  ten 
tribes  ? 

5.  How  did  Jeroboam  plan  to  keep  his  people  from  going  up 
to  the  temple  at  Jerusalem? 

6.  What  foreign  king  invaded  Judah,  and  took  some  towns 
of  Israel  also?     See  Narrative. 

7.  By  whom  was  Jeroboam  defeated? 

STUDY  XIII. — Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2 Chron.  xiii,  15. 

Bead  2  Chron.  xiii,  13-20.  The  large  numbers  in  the 
references  to  troops  in  this  chapter,  as  well  as  some  of 
the  numbers  in  other  chapters,  seem  to  be  round  figures, 
indicating  perhaps  relative  strength,  where  exact  numbers 
were  not  known. 

Personal  Thought. 

"He  humbled  himself  .  .  .  moreover,  in  Judah 
there  were  good  things  found."     (2  Chron.  xii,  12.) 

In  times  when  men  and  communities  seem  given  up 
to  sin,  God  through  chastisement  or  other  agencies  can 
arouse  the  good. 

Do  I  have  unfailing  confidence  in  Grod's  power  to  bring 
such  a  transformation  ? 


PART  v.— FOURTEENTH  WEEK. 
THE  NORTHEEN  KINGDOM  TO  ITS  CLOSE. 


tle«:  "Mouse 
of  Omri 


STUDY  XIV.— First  Day.     Memory  Veree,  1  Kings  XV,  29. 

Read  1  Kings  xv,  25-34. 

•  Narrative. 

Israel's  The  entire  period  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel,  from  the 

?■•"■•""  accession  of  Jeroboam  in  937  B.  C.  to  722  B.  C,  the  date 

Insecure.  ' 

of  the  fall  of  Samaria,  is  215  years.  It  is  enough  to  sho-vr 
the  unsettled  and  unsatisfactory  condition  of  its  national 
affairs  to  note  that  during  this  time  of  about  two  hundred 
years  there  were  nine  dynasties  and  nineteen  kings  of 
Israel,  while  in  Judah  there  were  only  twelve  kings  and 
no  change  of  dynasty.^ 
Brief  Dynas-  After  Jcroboam  and  his  son  Nadab,  forming  the  first 

dynasty,  there  came  Baasha  and  Elah  his  son,  the  latter 
of  whom,  like  Nadab,  was  assassinated  after  a  reign  of 
two  years,  by  Zimri,  a  captain  of  Israel's  army.  Yet 
Zimri's  success  was  shortlived,  for  after  seven  days  he 
was  discarded,  and  Omri  another  captain  secured  the 
support  of  the  army  and  people,  and  held  the  throne  for 
twelve  years.  At  the  end  of  four  years  Tibni,  a  rival, 
was  vanquished,  and  Omri  founded  the  new  and  strong 
capital  of  Samaria,  on  a  commanding  hill,  in  the  center 
of  a  basin  about  five  miles  in  diameter,  six  miles  north- 
west of  Shechem.  In  the  earlier  Assyrian  inscriptions 
the  kingdom  of  Israel  is  always  called  "the  house  of 
Omri."  On  the  whole  he  was  an  able  king,  arranging  an 
honorable  peace  with  Syria  on  the  north  and  Judah  on 
the  south,  and  while  he  seems  to  have  given  further  legal 
support  to  the  religious  system  of  Jeroboam  (Micah  vi, 


iBlalkte,  269, 270;  Given,  12. 

114 


Hebrew  National  Life.  iij; 

16),  his  dynasty  was  not  doomed  like  the  first  two  had 
been,  and  it  included  four  reigns,  covering  the  years  from 
889  to  842  B.  C 

A  very  interesting  monument  of  the  times  of  this  Moawte 
dynasty  is  the  Moabite  Stone,  found  at  Dibon  in  1868  by^**°** 
the  Eev.  F.  Klein,  a  missionary,  and  preserved  in  the 
Louvre  in  Paris.  "The  forms  of  the  letters  as  they 
appear  on  the  Moabite  Stone  show  that  alphabetic  writing 
must  have  been  long  practiced  in  the  kingdom  of  Mesha. 
Between  the  language  of  the  inscription  and  Hebrew  the 
differences  are  few  and  slight,"  "a  proof  of  the  natural- 
ness of  the  Biblical  language.  It  was  the  language  of 
everyday  life  and  thought."'  The  inscription  records  how 
Israel  gained  large  advantage  over  Moab  in  the  earlier 
part  of  this  period,  but  that  later  the  tide  turned  and 
Mesha  won  successes,  and  states  that  he  made  the  monu- 
ment "to  Chemosh  at  Korkhah," which  is  Dibon.  This 
deliverance  from  Israel  which  he  celebrates  probably  is 
implied  in  the  closing  sentence  of  the  Bible  reference  to 
Mesha  (2  Kings  iii,  27),  which  says  that  "there  was  great 
wrath  against  Israel:  and  they  departed  from  him,  and 
returned  to  their  own  land,"* 

Ahab,  the  son  of  Omri,  brought  a  new  force  for  evil  Ahab,  Jezebei. 
into  the  affairs  of  Israel  by  marrying  "Jezebel,  the^^^^^^^ 
daughter  of  Ethbaal,  king  of  the  Sidonians,"  and  intro- 
ducing the  worship  of  Baal,  so  that  he  "  did  yet  more  to 
provoke  Jehovah,  the  God  of  Israel,  to  anger  than  all  the 
kings  of  Israel  that  were  before  him"  (1  Kings  xvi,  31, 
33).  In  his  wars  with  Benhadad,  king  of  Syria,  he  in  the 
end  gained  the  advantage,  but  seemed  to  throw  it  away 
at  once  in  a  lax  treaty ;  and  three  years  later  when  he  in 
union  with  Jehoshaphat  of  Judah  was  trying  to  take 
Ramoth-gilead  from  the  Syrians,  "a  certain  man  drew  a 
bow  at  a  venture,  and  smote  the  king  of  Israel  between 


2 Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  401,  column  (/). 

3  Sayce,  Higher  Criticism  and  the  Monuments,  873,  875. 

4  See  also  Pa  ton,  Syria  and  Palestine,  218. 


ii6 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Jeliu'a 

Policies. 


Indian  Sum- 
mer of  the 
Kingdoms, 
and  Israel's 
Fall. 


the  joints  of  the  armor"  (1  Kings  xxii,  34),  and  at  even- 
ing he  was  taken  back  dead  to  his  capital.  During  his 
reign  of  twenty-two  years  the  Northern  Kingdom  may  be 
said  to  have  reached  the  first  summit  of  its  strength,  and 
also  to  have  entered  upon  a  period  of  decline.  The  con- 
quering armies  of  Assyria  had  already  met  the  ablest 
combination  of  these  petty  states  that  could  well  be 
formed,  including  a  force  of  2,000  chariots  and  10,000 
men  furnished  by  Ahab,  and  had  won  a  victory  at  Karkar 
in  854  B.  C.  From  this  time  onward,  for  two  hundred 
and  fifty  years,  Assyria  is  the  controlling  world  power  as 
affecting  both  of  the  Hebrew  kingdoms.*  1  Kings  xv, 
IG — xxii. 

The  dynasty  of  Omri  and  Ahab  closed  with  the  reigns 
of  Ahaziah  and  Joram,  and  Jehu  opened  the  next  series 
of  five  rulers  with  a  long  reign  of  twenty-eight  years.  He 
seems  to  have  sought  to  gain  favor  with  Shalmaneser  II 
of  Assyria,  and  possibly  to  enlist  him  against  Hazael, 
king  of  Syria,  by  paying  tribute,  as  is  represented  and 
recorded  on  the  Black  Obelisk.®  But  this  only  led  to 
increasing  exactions,  and  Israel  during  this  and  the  two 
reigns  which  followed  was  more  and  more  reduced  in 
extent  and  resources  both  by  Syria  and  Assyria. 

Then  came  the  crushing  defeat  of  Syria  by  the 
grandson  of  Shalmaneser,  followed  by  a  period  in  which 
Assyria  no  longer  led  her  armies  into  the  West-land. 
This  was  the  golden  opportunity  for  the  expansion  of 
both  Israel  and  Judah  under  their  respective  kings,  Jero- 
boam II  and  Uzziah,  who  were  on  terms  of  peace,  and  the 
two  kingdoms  together  about  reached  the  dimensions  of 
the  empire  of  David  and  Solomon.''  But  Tiglath-Pileser 
III  or  Pulu  (called  "  Pul "  in  2  Kings  xv,  19)  renewed  the 
aggressive  policy  toward  the  west,  and  by  his  campaigns 
and  exactions  and  those  of  his  successors  the  kingdom  of 

fi  See  especlaUy  Price,  150-209;  Rogers,  II,  72-205. 
6Rog-ers,  II,  81,  82;  Price,  154, 156,  and  Illustration. 
7  Wade,  Old  Testament  History,  853,  864. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  117 

Israel  was  steadily  weakened  till  at  last  in  732  B.  C. 
Samaria  fell  into  the  hands  of  Sargon  II,  and  the  sub- 
stantial part  of  the  Ten  Tribes  was  deported  to  Assyria 
and  later  blended  with  the  foreign  population. *  2  Kings 
i — xvii. 


The  atmosphere  of  character  is  an  interesting 
study.  There  arc  men  whose  very  presence  is  like 
the  influence  of  some  bog  or  sw^amp — it  is  stifling. 
Other  men  seem  to  be  suggestive  of  the  pure,  tonic- 
ful  breezes  from  the  mountain  tops.  "We  breathe 
freely  when  they  are  about  us.  To  get  the  touch  of 
the  mountain  one  must  go  to  the  mountain;  to  be 
suggestive  of  the  heights  one  must  live  upon  the 
heights. 


STUDY  XIV.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xvi,  9. 

Read  2  Kings  xvi,  1-28.  Very  rapidly  the  changes 
come  in  the  reigning  houses  of  Israel,  assassination  and 
extermination  cutting  off  the  line  of  Jeroboam  and  then 
that  of  Baasha  after  a  son  of  each  had  reigned  but  two 
years.  In  the  second  case  there  was  an  added  cause,  for 
Elah  was  "drinking  himself  drunk"  (1  Kings  xvi,  9) 
when  Zimri  slew  him. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Kings  of  Israel :  (1)  Jeroboam,  1  Kings  xii— xv,  9  ;  2  Chron. 
X— xiii,  20;  (2)  Nadab,  1  Kings  xv,  25-31;  (3)  Baasha,  xv,  16— 
xvi,  6;  (4)  Elah,  xvi,  6-14;  (5)  Zimri,  xvi,  15-20;  (6)0mri,xvi, 
16-28;  (7)  Ahab,  xvi,  29— xxii,  40;  (8)  Ahaziah,  1  Kings  xxii, 
40—2  Kings  i,  18;  (9)  Joram,  2  Kings  iii,  1— ix,  26;  (10)  Jehu, 
ix,  1— X,  36 ;  (11)  Jehoahaz,  xiii,  1-9 ;  (12)  Joash,  xiii,  9— xiv,  16 ; 

(18)  Jeroboam  II,  xiv,  16-29;  (14)  Zachariah  (Zechariah  in 
R.  v.),  xiv,  29— XV,  12;  (15)  Shallum,  xv,  13-15  ;  (16)  Menahem, 
XV,  14-22;  (17)   Pekahiah,  xv,  22-26;  (18)    Pekah,  xv,  25-31; 

(19)  Hoshea,  xv,  30— xvii,  6;  xviii,  9-12. 

8  Kent,  History  of  the  Hebrew  People,  the  Divided  Kingdom,  104-108; 
Ottley,  192.    See,  also,  Fifth  Day,  Topic  6. 


ii8  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  XIV.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xx,  11. 

Eead  1  Kings  xx,  1-34.  The  memory  verse  will  be 
seen  to  have  recorded  a  well-known  proverbial  saying. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  covering  Assyria  and  the  region  west 
to  the  Mediterranean,  and  locate  Samaria,  Damascus, 
Hamath,  Nineveh,  the  Habor  Eiver,  and  Halah.  See 
Map  3  in  text-book;  Blaikie,  Map  4;  Ottley,  Map.  6. 

STUDY  XIV.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  iii,  18. 

Read  2  Kings  iii.  The  Moabite  Stone,  bearing  the 
record  prepared  by  king  Mesha,  who  is  mentioned  in  this 
chapter,  is  a  remarkable  witness  of  that  age,  and  its 
preservation,  even  after  discovery,  is  not  less  wonderful.' 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  270-299 ;  Ottley,  159-192 ;  Barnicott,  92-110;  Beards- 
lee,  65-69  ;  Burney,  14,  36,  43,  112;  W.  B.,  107-117:  Price,  142- 
175 ;  Walker,  30-96. 

STUDY  XIV.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  ix,  20. 

Eead  2  Kings  ix,  11-20;  x,  29-36;.  The  reckless  and 
bloody  zeal  of  Jehu  gave  no  genuine  strength  to  Israel,^" 
and  through  Hazael,  of  Syria,  the  territory  east  of  the 
Jordan  was  taken  from  the  kingdom.    (2  Kings  x,  32,  33.) 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  The  force  of  example.  Gen.  iv,  8,  23,  24;  v,  24;  vi,  9; 
Num.  xiii,  31 ;  xiv,  1,  2;  Josh,  xxiv,  15,  18;  Judg.  iv,  8;  1  Sam. 
viii,  19,  20 ;  1  Kings  xv,  26,  34 ;  xxii,  51,  52 ;  2  Chron.  xvii,  3,  4  ; 
xxviii,  1,  2. 

2.  The  city  of  Samaria.  1  Kings  xvi,  24;  Blaikie,  275,  276; 
Bib.  Diet. 

3.  Brief  sketch  of  Damascus  and  the  early  kingdom  of  Syria. 
Blaikie,  275,  280;  MacCoun,  II,  50,  and  Maps  91,  92. 

4.  Short  account  of  Assyria  and  Nineveh.  Blaikie,  331-333; 
Ottley,  163-165,  213;  MacOoun,  II,  52,  53;  Rogers,  II,  1-295; 
Murison  (B.  and  A.),  20-59. 


9  See  Price.  143  and  Map  14  in  text-book. 

10  See  Budde,  Religion  of  Israel  to  the  Exile,  124-128. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  119 

5.  The  population  composing  the  later  Samaria.  2  Kings 
xvii,  24-41;  Blaikie,  299;  Ottley,  191 ;  Price,  281-286;  Walker, 
94,  95;  Davidson  (E.  and  E.)   44;  Skinner,  18-21. 

6.  The  end  of  the  Ten  Tribes.  Blaikie,  299,  341,  342  ;  Price, 
175;  Murison  (B.  and  A.),  34. 

7.  Jezebel,  the  Lady  Macbeth  of  the  Bible.  W.  B.,  107-114 ; 
Walker,  48,  49. 

8.  The  Moabite  Stone.     Blaikie,  282,  283;  Price,  142-147. 

STUDY  XIV.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xiv,  25. 

Bead  2  Kings  xiv,  23-29.  In  the  reign  of  Jeroboam 
II,  aqcording  to  this  passage  (vs.  25-27),  there  was  an 
unrecorded  prophecy  of  Jonah,  favorable  to  the  kingdom 
of  Israel. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  About  vphat  was  the  length  of  time  covered  by  the  sepa- 
rate kingdom  of  Israel?    See  Narrative. 

2.  How  many  dynasties  and  kings  were  there  ? 

3.  How  were  many  of  the  changes  brought  about? 

4.  In  what  two  reigns  did  Israel  reach  the  largest  measure 
of  territory  and  strength? 

5.  With  what  kingdom  to  the  northeast  was  Israel  fre- 
quently at  war? 

6.  By  what  larger  empire  was  Israel  at  last  overthrown? 

7.  What  is  the  date  of  the  fall  of  the  noi-thern  kingdom? 

STUDY  XIV.— Seventh  Day.      Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xvii,  18. 
Eead  2  Kings  xvii,  1-8,  24-33.     The  final  capture  or 
fall  of  Samaria  was  not  under  Shalmaneser  IV  (vs.  3),  but 
under  his  successor,  Sargon  11.^^ 

Personal  Thought. 

"The  children  of  Israel  walked  in  all  the  sins  of 
Jeroboam  .  .  .  they  departed  not  from  them ;  until 
Jehovah  removed  Israel  out  of  his  sight."  (2  Kings  xvii, 
22,  23.) 

What  an  awful  record — to  have  the  influence  of  an 


u  Price,  173, 174.  Rogers,  II,  150,  says,  "  In  the  year  of  the  accession 
of  Sargon  (722  B.  0.)  Samaria  fell,  but  it  is  improbable  that  he  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  it  in  person," 


120         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

evil  man  projected  through  the  entire  life  of  a  nation  I 
What  direction  am  I  giving  to  my  influence  ? 


Chart  B.    Hebrew  Monarchies.^ 


1  The  chart  seeks  to  show  the  length  of  reigns  by  the  space  given 
each  from  left  to  right.  The  216  years  for  the  Kingdom  of  Israel  Is  not 
alone  the  difference  between  987  and  722,  but  also  the  sum  of  the  several 
numbers  representing  length  of  reigns;  22+2+14,  etc.  Yet  In  this  total 
is  not  included  the  short  reigns  of  Elah,Zlmrl,  Zacharlah,  and  Shallum, 
as  their  total  of  about  two  years  and  seven  months  can  be  used  to  ofifset 
the  cases  where  part  of  a  year  has  been  counted  as  a  year.  The  figures 
below  the  names  Baasha  and  Omrl,  14+10+12,  and  the  space  for  these 
two  kings  mark  the  point  where  some  scholars  think  that  ten  years 
should  be  taken  from  the  twenty-four  assigned  to  Baasha  and  added  to 
the  twelve  of  Omrl.  For  Judah's  section,  the  total  of  the  numbers  In 
the  upper  space,  17+3+41+25+8+1+6,  etc.,  is  850  years,  and  the  two  reigns 
of  three  months  each  toward  the  close  add  a  part  of  the  351st  year. 
Of  the  three  co-regencies,  that  of  Amazlah  and  Uzziah  Is  shown  to 
be  22  years  (29—7) ;  of  Uzziah  and  Jotham,  14  years  (16—2) ;  and  of  AJiaz 
and  Hezeklah,  7  years  (16—©). 


PART  v.— FIFTEENTH  "WEEK. 
THE  SOUTHEKN  KINGDOM  TO  CAPTIVITY. 


STUDY  XV. — First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xv,  14. 
Bead  1  Kings  xv,  9-34. 

Narrative. 

By  a  striking  coincidence  there  were  nineteen  kings  coincidence 
in  Judah  and  the  same  number  in  Israel  during  the ""'' ^°*"'** 
existence  of  the  two  nations.  But  the  Northern  Kingdom 
fell  in  722  B.  C,  while  the  captivity  of  Judah  did  not 
occur  till  136  years  later,  so  that  the  average  length  of 
the  reigns  of  the  kings  of  Judah  was  over  seven  years 
longer  than  that  of  the  kings  of  Israel.  The  total  length 
of  Judah's  history,  from  the  disruption  in  937  to  the 
captivity  in  586  B.  C,  is  three  and  one-half  centuries. 
The  national  life  was  far  more  stable  in  the  southern 
kingdom  than  in  the  northern. 

The  kingdom  of  Judah  suffered  what  might  be  called  judah's  Low 
four  eras  of  decline,  due  to  the  irreligious  and  evil  char- ""^  "'*^'* 
acter  of  certain  kings,  and  three  eras  of  revival,  brought 
about  by  the  greater  devotion  to  Jehovah  of  other  kings. 
The  religious  low  and  high  tides  of  the  kingdom  form 
the  best  key  to  its  political  and  social  condition. 

The  reign  of  Rehoboam,  which  was  noted  in  Study  Abijam 
XIII,  and  that  of  Abiiam,  his  son,  do  not  mark  a  serious  ^''"!""f'  "'* 

.  .  t»        »  '  Father's 

decline  in  the  fortunes  of  Judah.     In  the  short  reign  influence. 

of  the  latter,  there  was  success  in  the  war  with  Israel ; 

but  the  Biblical  record  shows  that  each  of  them  stood  for 

an  unfavorable  influence.     The  father  *'did  that  which 

was  evil,  because  he  set  not  his  heart  to  seek  Jehovah  " 

(2  Chron.  xii,  14);  and  the  son  "walked  in  all  the  sins 

of  his  father  which  he  had  done  before  him  "  (1  Kings 

IV,  3). 

121 


122         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Upward  Trend  Then  there  follow  the  two  long  reigns  of  Asa  and 
j«ho8ha*haiL  Jehoshaphat,  of  forty-one  and  twenty-five  years,  forming 
the  first  era  of  revival.  *'  The  heart  of  Asa  was  perfect 
with  Jehovah  all  his  days"  (1  Kings  xv,  14);  and 
Jehoshaphat  "sought  to  the  God  of  his  father,  and 
walked  in  his  commandments"  (2  Chron.  xvii,  4). 
Such  words  of  commendation  do  not  mean  that  these 
monarchs  made  no  mistakes,  nor  even  that  they  were 
free  from  sin.  Asa,  after  gaining  a  notable  victory  over 
a  vast  invading  host  under  Zerah,  who  was  perhaps  an 
Egyptian  king^^  at  a  later  date  took  the  temple  treasures 
and  sent  them  to  tho  king  of  Syria  to  buy  him  off  from 
aiding  Israel,  and  Hanani  needed  to  bring  him  reproof  as 
a  prophet  for  his  lack  of  reliance  on  God.^  The  son  of 
this  same  prophet  had  likewise  to  reprove  Jehoshaphat  for 
his  alliance  with  Ahab,  and  Eliezer,  another  prophet, 
for  his  commercial  venture  with  Ahab's  son,  Ahaziah.* 
Yet  very  helpful  and  uplifting  were  these  reigns  as  a 
whole,  and  Jehoshaphat  introduced  a  new  stage  in  the 
life  of  the  nation  with  respect  to  popular  instruction  and 
the  securing  of  justice.^  These  four  reigns  cover  86 
years,  from  937  to  851  B.  C. 
Lower  Levels  The  second  era  of  decline  and  revival  embraces  the 
reigns  of  eight  kings,  from  Jehoram  to  Hezekiah,  and 
the  usurpation  of  Athaliah,  and  covers  a  period  of  154 
years.  Perliap-3  the  lowest  point  was  reached  when,  after 
the  son  of  Jehoram,  Ahaziah,  had  reigned  one  year,  he 
was  slain  by  Jehu,  and  his  mother,  Athaliah,  daughter 
of  the  hateful  Jezebel  and  Ahab,  usurped  authority  in 
Judah  for  six  years.  Still,  this  could  not  easily  surpass 
the  misery  and  disgrace  which  fell  on  the  kingdom  in 
the  reign  of  the  evil  Ahaz.  The  grandson  of  Uzziah, 
under  whom  the  nation  rose  to  splendor,  he  had  as  his 
counselor  the  prophet-statesman,  Isaiah,  who  formed  a 

lOsorkon,  II,    See  2  Chron.  xlv,  9-15;  Sayce,  Higher  Criticism  and 
the  Monuments,  863,  864. 

2  2  Chron.  xvl,  7-10;  xix,  1-3;  xx,  35-37. 
8  2  Chron.  xvll,  7-0;  xlx,  4-11. 


of  Athaliah 
and  Ahaz. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  123 

link  joining  the  times  of  Uzziah  with  those  of  Hezekiah. 
But  he  was  so  extreme  in  perverse  wickedness,  that 
the  Chronicler,  in  despair  of  terms,  can  only  say,  "This 
same  king  Ahaz "  (2  Chron.  xxviii,  22).  Then  the 
strokes  of  judgment  fell.  Eezin,  king  of  Syria,  made 
an  invasion  of  Judah,  and  carried  off  many  to  Damascus; 
while  Pekah,  king  of  Israel,  slew  a  large  number  of 
men  and  took  a  host  of  persons  captive,  but  by  the 
eloquent  plea  of  the  prophet  Oded,  they  were  ministered 
unto  and  led  back  to  their  own  land. 

Hezekiah,  assisted  by  the  great  Isaiah,  transforms  the  Hezekiah  and 
kingdom  again  to  one  of  power  and  glory;  and  when *''"*"*'*'  •*• 
Sennacherib,  in  701  B.  C,  in  his  apparently  irresistible 
campaign,  threatens  Jerusalem,  the  king  and  capital  are 
delivered  through  an  awful  visitation  of  God  on  the 
army  of  the  Assyrians.  "The  angel  of  Jehovah  went 
forth,  and  smote  in  the  camp  of  the  Assyrians  a  hundred 
fourscore  and  five  thousand:  and  when  men  arose  early 
in  the  morning,  behold,  these  were  all  dead  bodies" 
(2  Kings  xix,  35).  Yet  the  noble  monarch  of  Judah 
without  forethought  had  already  admitted  the  emissaries 
of  Babylon  to  yiew  his  treasures,  thus  fixing  on  Jerusalem 
the  attention  of  a  soon-coming  empire  in  the  Euphrates 
Valley,  which,  a  century  later,  would  destroy  the  city  and 
carry  away  his  people  captive.  This  second  period  ex- 
tends from  851  to  697  B.  C. 

The  third  period  of  defection  and  revival  covers  89  Base 
years,  from  697  to  608  B.  C,  and  the  rule  of  three  kings.  va^UMtJosiah. 
Manasseh,  the  bad  son  of  a  good  father,  once  more  drags 
the  kingdom  into  the  valley  of  sin  and  idolatry.  But 
Josiah,  his  grandson,  through  the  influence  of  the 
freshly  found  Word  of  God,  the  destruction  of  false 
gods  and  their  altars,  and  the  restoring  of  temple, 
sacrifice,  and  Passover,  produces  the  third  and  most 
complete  revival. 

However,  it  seems    impossible   now  fully  to   purify  steady 
Judah,  and  at  the  same  time  maintain  its  life  as  a  sepa-  ?*'^''"*  ""* 

'  ^      Captivity. 


124  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

rate  nation.  One  licentious,  weak,  and  almost  worthless 
king  follows  another  in  the  fourth  period  of  decline; 
and  after  twenty-two  years,  covered  by  the  reigns  of  four 
kings,  Jerusalem  is  captured  and  destroyed  by  Nebuchad- 
nezzar, king  of  Babylon,  586  B.  C,  and  the  greater  part 
of  the  population  of  Judah  passes  into  captivity. 


It  is  far  better  to  be  an  uncro-wned,  kingly  man 
than  to  be  an  unmanly  king. 

"Howe'er  it  be,  it  seems  to  me 
'T  is  only  noble  to  be  good. 
Kind  hearts  are  more  than  coronets, 
And  simple  faith  than  Norman  blood." 


STUDY  XV. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  xvii,  9. 

Kead  2  Chron.  xvii,  1-9;  xix,  4-11.  It  is  delightful 
to  see  growing  such  influences  as  are  described  in  these 
passages  as  an  offset  to  false  worship  and  war. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Kings  of  Judah:  (1)  Rehoboam,  1  Kings  xi,  43 — xiv,  31 ;  2 
Chron.  ix,  31 — xii,  16;  (2)  Abijam,  1  Kings  xiv,  31 — xv,  8:  2 
Chron.  xii,  16— xiv,  1;  (3)  Asa,  1  Kings  xv,  8-24;  2  Chron.  xiv, 
1 — xvii,  1;  (4)  Jehoshaphat,  1  Kings  xv,  24 — xxii,  50;  1  Chron. 
xvii,  1 — xxi,  1 ;  (5)  Jehoram,  1  Kings  xxii,  50 — 2  Kings  viii,  24; 
2  Chron.  xxi,  1— xxii,  1 ;  (6)  Aliaziah,  2  Kings  viii,  24 — ix,  28;  2 
Chron.  xxii,  1-9;  Athaliah,  2  Kings  xi,  1-16  ;  2  Chron.  xxii,  16 — 
xxiii,  15  ;  (7)  Joash,  2  Kings  xi,  12 — xii,  21 ;  2  Chron.  xxiii,  11 — 
xxiv,  27  ;  (8)  Amaziah,  2  Kings  xii,  21 — xiv,  21 ;  2  Chron.  xxiv, 
27 — xxvi,  1 ;  (9)  Uzziah,  2  Kings  xiv,  21 — xv,  7 ;  2  Chron.  xxvi, 
1-23;  (10)  Jotham,  2  Kings  xv,  7-38;  2  Chron.  xxvi,  23— xxvii, 
9;  (11)  Ahaz,  2  Kings  xv,  38— xvi,  20;  2  Chron.  xxvii,  9 — xxviii, 
27 ;  (12)  Hezekiah,  2  Kings  xvi,  20— xx.  21 ;  2  Chron.  xxviii,  27— 
xxxii,  33;  (13)  Manasseh,  2  Kings  xx,  21— xxi,  18;  2  Chron. 
xxxii,  33 — xxxiii,  20;  (14)  Amon,  2  Kings  xxi,  18-26;  2  Chron. 
xxxiii,  20-25;  (15)  .Tosiah,  2  Kings  xxi,  26— xxiii,  30;  2  Chron. 
xxxiii,  25 — xxxvi,  1;  (16)  Jehoahaz,  2  Kings  xxiii,  30-34;  2 
Chron.  xxxvi,  1-3;  (17)  Jehoiakim,  2  Kings  xxiii,  34 — xxiv,  6; 
2  Chron.  xxxvi,  4-8;  (18)  Jehoiachin,  2  Kings  xxiv,  6-17; 
Chron.  xxxvi,  8-10;  (19)  Zedekiah,  2  Kings  xxiv,  17— xxv,  7;  2 
Chron.  xxxvi,  10-21. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  125 

STUDY  XV.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  xx,  21. 

Eead  2  Chron.  xx,  20-30.  There  is  given  here  a  vivid 
illustration  of  a  victory  gained  by  following  God's  order. 

Suggestions  for  iVIap  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  the  Babylonian  Empire,  place  Jeru- 
salem, Megiddo,  Carchemish,  and  Babylon,  and  mark  the 
course  of  the  captives  of  Judah  from  Jerusalem  to  Baby- 
lon. See  Maps  1,  3,  and  7,  in  text-book,  using  sections 
8,  7,  6,  5,  4,  3,  of  the  last  named:  Calkin,  140-146,  and 
Map  I;  Hurlbut,  92. 

STUDY  XV.— Fourth  Day.  Memory  Verse,  2  Chron.  xxviii,  15, 
Read  2  Chron.  xxviii,  1-15.  On  the  record  given  in 
the  Memory  Verse,  may  be  noted  these  words:  "This 
beautiful  incident  comes  over  our  senses  as  might  some 
strain  of  soft  and  happy  music  amidst  the  bray  of 
trumpets  and  alarms  of  war."* 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  300-329;  Ottley,  162-217;  Bamicott,  111-122; 
Beardslee,  65-92,  107-125,  210-215 ;  Burney,  17,  37,  42,  46,  47,  62, 
72,  91,  112 ;  Matheson,  II,  242-264 ;  Price,  144-215  ;  Given,  15-93 

STUDY  XV.— Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xix,  35. 

Read  2  Kings  xix,  14-22,  28,  35-37.  The  figure  of 
Isaiah  appears  beside  Hezekiah,  and  then  comes  the 
stroke  from  heaven  on  the  Assyrians,  answering  to  his 
prophetic  word. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  Divinely-given  revivals.  Josh,  xxiv,  22,  28;  Judg.  vi,  34, 
35 ;  1  Sam.  vii,  3-6  ;  2  Sam.  vi,  15  ;  1  Kings  xviii,  37-39  ;  2  Kings 
xxiii,  1-3:  2  Chron.  vii,  14;  xxx,  8-13,  21-23,  26,  27;  Neh.  viii. 
1-3 ;  Psa.  Ixxxv,  6 ;  Joel  ii,  28,  29 ;  Hosea  x,  12. 

2.  Sketch  of  Jehoshaphat  and  his  reign.  Scripture  Outline 
(4) ;  Blaikie,  305-307  ;  Bamicott,  112, 118;  Given,  22-34. 


4  Quoted  in  Blaikie,  297. 


126  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

3.  Ahaz  the  wicked.  2  Kings  xvi ;  2  Chron.  xxviii ;  Blaikie, 
311 ;  Ottley,  193-197  ;  Given,  53-56. 

4.  Brief,  dramatic  picture  of  Hezekiah  and  Isaiah  meeting- 
the  Assyrian  threat  against  Jerusalem.  2  Kings  xviii,  13 — xix  ; 
2  Chron.  xxxii,  1-22;  Isa.  xxii,  xxxiii,  xxxvi,  xxxvii ;  Blaikie, 
312-317;  Ottley,  199-204;  Price,  181-193;  Given,  59-61.» 

5.  Young  Josiah  and  the  finding  oi  the  Book  of  the  Law. 
2  Kings  xxii,  1— xxiii,  4;  2  Chron.  xxxiv,  14-32;  Blaikie,  320, 
321;  Ottley,  206-210;  Given,  67-74. 

6.  Short  story  of  the  new  Babylonian  Empire  and  Babylon. 
Blaikie,  332,  333,  342-354j  Hurlbut,  93 ;  Rogers,  II,  297-381 ; 
Murison  (B.  and  A.),  60-73. 

7.  Battles  of  Megiddo  and  Carchemish,  608-605  B.  C.  2 
Kings  xxiii,  28-30;  xxiv,  7:  2  Chron.  xxxv,  20-25;  Jer.  xlvi,  2, 
Ottley,  211-213;  Rogers,  II,  309-314;  Davidson  (E.  and  R.), 
7-10. 

STUDY  XV. — Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xxii,  8. 

Read  2  Kings  xxii,  1-13;  xxiii,  1-6,  21-25.  Among 
the  revivals  which  came  to  God's  people  through  these 
centuries,  the  most  thorough  is  that  which  resulted  from 
a  new  forth-shining  of  the  Word  of  God. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  About  how  many  centuries  of  history  had  Judah  from 
the  disruption  to  the  captivity?     See  Narrative. 

2.  How  many  kings  reigned  over  Judah  during  this  time  ? 

3.  Can  you  give  the  names  of  thi*ee  kings  of  Judah  that 
mark  periods  of  revival? 

4.  What  names  mark  about  the  lowest  depths  of  the  nation's 
course? 

5.  What  great  prophet-statesman  stood  by  Hezekiah  against 
the  Assyrians? 

6.  What  new  force  camo  in  the  reign  of  Josiah? 

7.  Where  and  how  did  this  loved  king  meet  his  death? 

8.  When  and  under  what  foreign  king  was  Jerusalem 
destroyed  and  Judah  made  captive? 

STUDY  XV. — Seventh  Day.  Memory  Verse,  2 Chron.  xxxvi,  16. 
Read  2  Chron.  xxxvi,  11-21.     "No  remedy"  (vs.  16) 
against  captivity  is  God's  verdict,  because  Judah's  sin 
had  gone  too  far. 

6  See  also  G.  A.  Smith,  Isaiah,  1, 803,  874  (Expositor's  Bible). 


Hebrew  National  Life.  127 

Personal  Thought. 

"When  the  burnt-offering  began,  the  song  of  Jehovah 
began  also,  and  the  trumpets."    (2  Chron.  xxix,  27.) 

Phillips  Brooks  finds  this  a  text  for  a  noble  sermon, 
on  "The  joy  of  self-sacrifice." 

Is  self-sacrifice  in  my  life  accompanied  with  song  and 
trumpet  ? 


PART  v.— SIXTEENTH  "WEEK. 
m  EXILE  AND  EESTOEATIOX,  TO  4  B.  C. 


STUDY  XVI.— First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  xxv,  12. 
Eead  2  Kings,  xxv,  23-30. 

Narrative. 

Time,  Place,  It  is  not  easy  to  draw  sharp  lines,  marking  either  the 

r^'th^ca'"   beginning  or  end  of  the  exile  or  captivity  of  the  Jews.^ 
tivity.  The  period  of  seventy  years,  mentioned  by  Jeremiah '  as 

the  length  of  the  captivity,  may  be  reckoned  in  a  general 
way  from  the  destruction  of  the  temple  in  586  to  its 
dedication  after  rebuilding  in  516  B.  C,  covering  just 
seventy  years. ^  But  the  first  large  deportation  by  Nebu- 
chadnezzar from  Judah  of  about  ten  thousand,  with 
king  Jehoiachin,*  was  in  597.  The  second  company 
of  captives  when  Jerusalem  fell,  probably  numbered 
3,855;'  and  the  third,  745,  in  581  B.  C*  These  numbers 
are  all  for  men,  and  Kent  estimates  that  they  represent, 
counting  women  and  children,  about  fifty  thousand 
people.'  Others  also  went  to  Egypt,  especially  the  com- 
pany that  took  Jeremiah  with  them  in  586  B.  C,  about 
two  months  after  Jerusalem  was  destroyed.®     Therefore, 

1  During  the  captivity,  tills  term  became  the  name  of  the  Hebrew 
race,  pointing  baclc  to  the  tribe  or  country  of  Judah.  Bib.  Ency.  II, 
958. 

2  Jer.  xxix,  10;  2  Chron.  xxxvl,  21. 

3  2  Ohron.  xxxvl,  21-23;  Ezrai,  1— 11,  2.  Some  have  made  the  words  of 
Jeromlali  xxix,  10,  "After  seventy  years  are  accomplished  for  Babylon,') 
to  mean  the  period  of  special  servitude  to  Babylon,  and  count  it  from 
60C  B.  C,  when  Daniel  and  other  youths  were  taken  to  Babylon,  to  536 
B.  C,  which  is  about  the  date  of  the  first  return  under  Zerubbabel. 
The  "seventy  years"  of  Jeremiah  maybe  taken  as  a  round  number, 
If  the  dates  mentioned  do  not  exactly  conform  to  it.  See,  also,  Blaikle, 
862. 

4  2  KlngBxxlv,  14-16. 

8Jer.  Ill,  28,  29  (if  "seven"  In  vs.  28  is  for  "seventeen"). 

6  Jer.  Ill,  SO. 

7  Kent,  Hixtory  of  the  Jewish  People,  17-19.    See  also  Rogers,  II,  882. 

8  Jer.  xUll,  1-8;  Davidson  (,£.&  R.),  48,  44. 

128 


Hebrew  National  Life.  129 

during  the  time  of  the  exile,  the  Jews  are  to  be  thought 
of  as  chiefly  in  Babylon  and  Egypt,  though  a  few  of  the 
poorest  of  the  people  were  left  in  the  land  "to  be  vine- 
dressers and  husbandmen."     (2  Kings  xxv,  12.) 

Among  the  greater  prophets,  Jeremiah  was  a  promi- its  Biblical 
nent  factor  in  all  the  period  leading  up  to  and  covering  ****"*''*'"• 
the  early  stages  of  the  exile ;  and  Ezekiel  was  among  the 
first  company  mentioned  above  as  going  to  Babylonia  in 
597,  where  his  prophetic  ministry  covered  about  593- 
570  B.  C.  The  life  and  work  of  both  are  considered  in 
Study  XXIII.  By  many,  the  latter  part  of  Isaiah,  from 
chapter  xl  onward,  is  attributed  to  a  great  "evangelical 
prophet"  toward  the  end  of  the  exile. ^  The  events  and 
characters  in  Daniel  also  belong  to  this  period.^"  None 
of  the  Minor  Prophets  wrote  in  the  time  of  the  captivity. 
Probably  not  a  few  of  the  Psalms  embody  experiences  of 
the  exiles.  It  is  thought  that  then  were  collected  and 
edited  some  of  the  early  Biblical  books,  such  as  those  of 
Judges,  Samuel,  and  Kings." 

The  exile  deeply  influenced  the  Jewish  people  in  the  its  Eff«ct  on 
way  of  weaning  them  from  idolatry,  and  making  religion  ****  •'•wish 
spiritual  and  individual.  The  Church,  as  distinct  from 
the  State,  was  now  seen  to  be  possible,  and  there  came  to 
be  felt  a  craving  for  a  collection  of  the  Scriptures  and 
the  fellowship  of  meeting-places  like  the  later  syna- 
gogues. Thus  the  exile  was  the  birth-time  of  many 
principles  that  make  religion  what  it  is  to-day. 

The  Kestoration,  or  bringing  back  of  a  suflBcient  The  Return, 
number  of  the  Jewish  people  from  Babylon  to  again 
establish  their  life  and  religion  in  southern  Palestine 
and  Jerusalem,  was  spread  over  about  a  hundred  years. 
Cyrus,  the  king  of  Elam  and  then  of  Persia,  had  mas- 
tered the  Babylonian  Empire  in  539  B.  C,  and  through 
his   broad   and   enlightened    policy,    the   first    company 


9  0ttley,  228;  Davidson  (E.  &  R.),  67-70;    Kirkpatrick,  851-410.     See 
the  question  considered  In  Study  XXII. 

10  See  Study  XXIV. 

11  Davidson  (K.&  R.),  4R. 

9 


130  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

under  Zerubbabel,  numbering  42,360,  returned  about 
537  B.  C.  They  erected  the  altar  of  burnt-sacrifice,  and 
started  other  parts  of  the  former  services ;  but  little  was 
done  toward  rebuilding  the  temple,  until  through  the 
appeals  of  the  prophets,  Haggai  and  Zechariah,  the  work 
was  pushed  from  520  to  516  B.  C,  when  the  building 
was  finished  and  dedicated.  Ezra  v,  vi. 
Work  of  Ezra,  Then  fifty-eight  years  pass  by  without  record,  and  in 
Nehemiah,  and  453  g  Q  j^^ra,  with  a  Company  of  about  1,000,  returns 
and  seeks  to  carry  out  a  reform  m  the  matter  of  mixed 
marriage,  but  with  only  partial  success.  Finally,  Ne- 
hemiah,  in  445  and  again  in  433,  came  with  more  author- 
ity from  Artaxerxes,  the  king,  and  under  his  leadership, 
joined  with  Ezra,  the  reform  was  completed,  and  the 
people  were  pledged  to  obedience  to  the  Mosaic  law. 
The  walls  of  Jerusalem  were  rebuilt  in  fifty-two  days, 
at  Nehemiah's  first  visit.  The  Book  of  Malachi  comes 
between  this  and  the  second  visit,  or  about  440  B.  C, 
and  the  historical  setting  of  the  book  of  Esther  some- 
what earlier.^^ 
Rival  Com-  The  efforts  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah  to  establish  the 

munity  of  the  pencwed  Jcwish  center  at  Jerusalem  on  a  pure  basis  made 

Samaritans.  »    t-it      i  m      i. 

it  necessary  to  exclude  the  grandson  of  Eliashib  from 

priestly  service,  and  in  other  ways  those  who  did  not 

agree  with  the  strict  standard  withdrew,  and  probably 

joined  the  Samaritans  in  a  rival  religious  community, 

that  has  come  down  in  a  little  group  at  Nablus,  by  Mt. 

Gerizim,  even  to  this  day." 

Extent  and  The   bounds  of   the   country  occupied  by  the  Jews 

Jj*^'*^^"*"*"**  outside  of   the   city  of    Jerusalem  were  now  gradually 

Judaism.         extended,  but  for  generations  they  did  not  include  more 

than    1,000    square    miles,    scarcely   reaching    south    to 

Hebron.     Yet  during  the  Persian  period,  and  still  more 

fully  in  the  Greek  era,  the  religious  authority  of  Judaism 

was  accepted  in  Galilee,  and  in  Perea,  east  of  the  Jordan. 

laottley  (H.  P.),  87;  Ottley,  244,  245;  Price,  254-256. 
i3Neh.xill,  4-9,  28-31;  Ottley,  241,  242;  Skinner,  18-21;  Price,  288-290; 
Davidson  (E.  &  R.).  KX). 


Hebrew  National  Life.  131 

The  means  by  which  Judaism  kept  and  led  its  people 
were  chiefly  three :  the  priesthood ;  the  scribes  or  teachers 
of  the  law,  who  were  largely  laymen ;  and  the  synagogue." 
The  Persian  period  of  Jewish  history  extended  from 
537  to  333  B.  C,  and  the  hundred  years  from  the  time 
of  K"ehemiah  onward  were  comparatively  tranquil  and 
uneventful.  The  Greek  period  can,  perhaps,  best  be 
reckoned  from  333  to  167  B.  C.^^  It  was  marked  by 
inroads  of  Hellenic  influence,  and  the  building  of  Greek 
cities  in  Palestine,  such  as  Ptolemais  (Acco),  Paneas 
(Dan),  Pella,  Scythopolis  (Bethshan),  Azotus  (Ashdod), 
and  Gaza.  The  Jews  of  the  Dispersion  greatly  increased 
in  numbers  and  strength;  and  in  Egypt,  chiefly  at 
Alexandria,  the  Septuagint  translation  of  the  Old  Tes- 
tament Scriptures  into  Greek  was  made  from  about  250 
B.  C.  onward.^®  The  Maccabean  period,  from  167  to  63 
B.  C,  is  made  notable  at  its  opening  by  the  war  of 
liberation  from  the  tyranny  of  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  led 
by  Judas  Maccabseus,  and  the  later  successes  of  his 
brothers,  Jonathan  and  Simon."  In  this  period,  the  three 
Jewish  sects  of  the  Pharisees,  the  Sadduces,  and  Essenes 
came  forward.  The  beginning  of  the  Roman  period 
brings  Jewish  history  from  63  to  4  B.  C,  and  is  marked 
by  the  rise  of  the  house  of  the  Herods.  The  long  story 
of  Hebrew  life,  from  the  far-off  days  of  Abraham,  closes 
for  this  text-book  with  the  end  of  the  reign  of  Herod  the 
Great  and  the  birth  of  Christ. 


"How  shall  we  sing  the  Lord's  song  in  a  strange 
land?"  The  soul  of  man  yields  forth  its  sw^eetest 
music  only  under  the  skillful  touch  of  the  Divine 
Harmonist. 


14  Skinner,  12-17,  21. 

15  Skinner,  24-42.  Kent,  History  of  the  Jewish  People,  271,  272,  extends 
It  to  165  B.  C,  tin  the  third  Maccabean  victory  made  possible  the  re- 
dedication  of  the  temple. 

16  Blalkie,  388. 

17  For  geographical  points,  see  Map  20. 


132         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  XVI.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  cxxxvii,  6. 

Read  Psa.  cxxxvii.  Perhaps  no  words  have  done  more 
to  give  a  vision  of  the  feelings  of  the  exiles  than  those  of 
this  psalm. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Ezra :  (1)  The  first  colony  and  its  work,  536-515  B.  C,  i — vi ; 
(2)  The  second  colony,  under  Ezra,  458  B.  0.,  vii — x. 

Nfehemiah;  (1)  Repairing  the  walls,  i — vii;  (2)  Renewing 
the  covenant,  viii — xii,  26  ;  (3)  Dedication  of  the  walls  and  final 
efforts,  xii,  27-44. 

Esther:  (1)  Esther  becomes  Ahasuerus's  queen,  i,  ii ;  (2) 
Haman's  promotion,  jealousy  and  plot,  iii ;  (3)  Counter  steps  of 
Mordecai  and  Esther,  iv,  v ;  (4)  Mordecai's  exaltation,  Haman's 
downfall,  vi,  vii ;  (5)  Favorable  outcome  for  the  Jews  and  Mor- 
decai, viii — X. 

STUDY  XVI. — Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Jer.  xxix,  11. 

Read  Jer.  xxix,  4-14.  These  words  are  part  of  a  pas- 
toral letter  written  by  Jeremiah  at  Jerusalem  to  the 
exiles,  not  long  after  the  first  colony  was  taken  to  Baby- 
lonia in  597  B.  C.  It  shows  that  their  lot  was  not  one  of 
distress,  and  God  promises  to  remember  them  with  peace, 
and  assures  them  of  their  return.^® 

Suggestions  for  IVIap  Work. 

Maps  of  the  Persian  Empire  and  that  of  Alexander 
can  be  made,  and  the  extent  of  the  renewed  Jewish  com- 
munity in  Palestine  can  be  shown.  See  Map  15  in  text- 
book; Huribut,  93-95. 

STUDY  XVI. — Fourtli  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Ezek.  xlvii,  5. 

Read  Ezek.  xlvii,  1-12.  This  passage  gives  perhaps  the 
most  beautiful  and  suggestive  phase  of  Ezekiel's  great 
vision  of  the  temple, — the  flow  of  the  waters  in  an  ever 
widening  and  deepening  stream  from  the  threshold  east- 
ward to  the  Dead  Sea.^®    "Waters  to  swim  in"  (vs.  5), 

18  As  to  their  general  situation,  see  Rogers,  II,  835. 

19  Driver,  Introduction,  204,  notes  the  practical  turn  of  the  prophet's 
mind,  In  that  he  represents  the  marshes  beside  the  Dead  Sea  remaining 
as  they  are  on  account  of  the  excellent  salt  which  they  furnish. 


Hebrew  National  Life. 


133 


well  expresses  the  fullness  of  salvation.     This  vision  came 
to  the  prophet  on  New  Year's  Day,  573  B.  C" 


Map  15.     Persian  and  Greek  Periods. 

(1)  Persian  Empire.    (2)  Alexander's  Empire.    (3)  Persian  Province 
of  Judah.    (4)  Judali  as  enlarged  during  tlie  Greek  Pei-iod. 


General  References. 

Blaikie, 342-411 ;  Ottley,  218-282 ;  Barnicott,  123-129;  Beards- 
lee,  186-190,  201-208 ;  Burney,  6-11, 17-31,  48,  72,  78,  90,  112-117, 
121,  126;  W.  B.,  129-137;  Brown,  119-141;  Price,  210-261,  279- 
290;  Davidson  (E.  and  ii.),  entire  ;  Skinner,  entire. 


zoHarvey-Jeliic,  SG. 


134         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  XVI.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Ezra  iii,  18. 

Eead  Ezra  iii,  8-13.  By  another  step  in  the  history, 
probably  the  year  536  B.  C.^^  witnesses  this  laying  of  the 
foundations  of  the  temple  under  Zerubbabel. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    In 
Ciass-work. 

1.  God  accepts  and  restores  the  humble  and  contrite.  2 
Chron.  vii,  14  ;  xii,  6,  7  ;  xxxiii,  12 ;  2  Kings  xxii,  19 ;  Psa.  xxxiv, 
18;  li,  17;  Isa.  Ivii,  14-18. 

2.  Brief  sketch  of  the  Jewish  exiles  with  their  surroundings 
in  Babylonia.  Blaikie,  343-347, 355, 356 ;  Ottley,  218-227  ;  Price, 
218;  Murison  (B.  and  A.),  111-115;  Davidson  (E.  and  R.), 46-49. 

3.  Describe  the  return  journey  of  a  company  of  the  exiles. 
Blaikie,  360 ;  Davidson  (E.  and  P.) ,  76-78.     See  also  Map  7. 

4.  Ezra  and  his  service  in  forming  the  Jewish  people  and 
the  Bible.  Blaikie,  371-373  ;  Ottley,  235-241 ;  Davidson  (E.  and 
P.),  90-98,  106-114. 

5.  The  character  and  work  of  Nehemiah.  Blaikie,  373-375 ; 
Ottley,  237-242;  Davidson  (E.  and  P.),  98-109. 

6.  Short,  dramatic  outline  of  tlie  story  of  the  book  of 
Esther.  Blaikie,  368-371 ;  Ottley,  244,  245  ;  Beardslee,  186-190  ; 
W.  B.,  129-137  ;  Price,  248-261. 

7.  The  Septuagint  version  of  the  Scriptures.  Blaikie,  338, 
339;  Ottley,  253,  254. 

8.  Beasts  of  burden  after  the  captivity.     Ezra  ii,  66. 

STUDY  XVI.— Sixth  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Neh.  viii,  8. 

Read  Xeh.  viii,  1-3,  8-12.  A  much  longer  time  sepa- 
rates this  date  from  the  preceding  event  given  in  yester- 
day's section,  and  this  faithful  reading  of  the  law  prob- 
ably took  place  in  444  B.  C,  beside  the  Water  Gate  on 
the  east  side  of  Jerusalem.*^ 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  is  the  usual  time  named  as  the  length  of  the  cap- 
tivity?   See  Narrative. 

2.  Can  you  name  some  of  the  prophets  associated  with  the 
exile? 

3.  What  three  men  were  the  chief  leaders  in  the  Kestora- 
tion? 


21  Davidson  (E.  and  R.),  79. 

220ttley,  288,  239;  Davidson  (E.  and  R.),  107. 


Hebrew  National  Life.  135 

4.  When  did  the  dedication  of  the  new  temple  occur? 
6.  What  is  the  date  of  the  public  reading  of  the  law  by  Ezra? 
6.  Can  you  name  several  periods  of  Jewish  history  from 
Cyrus  to  the  birth  of  Christ? 

STUDY  XVI. — Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Esth.  iv,  14. 
Read  Esth.  iv.  13-17. 

Personal  Thought. 

*'  So  will  I  go  in  unto  the  king,  which  is  not  according 
to  the  law:  and  if  I  perish,  I  perish,"     (Esth.  iv,  16.) 

One  of  the  heroic  figures  that  stands  out  clearly 
against  the  background  of  these  centuries  is  Esther.  "A 
mere  slip  of  a  girl  in  her  teens,"  yet  note  her  brave 
words:     "So  will  I     .     .     .     and  if  I  perish,  I  perish." 

There  are  many  occasions  where  the  young  man  or  the 
young  woman  can  show  brave  fidelity  to  duty  in  this  age. 

What  are  my  words  when  the  test  comes  ? 


PAET  YI. 

HEBEEW  SINGEES  AND  WISDOM 
WEITEES. 


SEVENTEENTH  WEEK. 
THE  PSALMS. 


STUDY  XVII.— First  Day.     Memory  Verses,  Psa.  i,  1,  2. 
Eead  Psa.  i. 

Narrative. 
Some  of  Of  tlie  Old  Testament  material  that  has  passed  in 

the  "Writ-    revicw  in   the   previous   Studies,   the   books   have   been 

iags,"  ... 

chiefly  from  the  first  and  second  divisions,  the  Law  and 
the  Prophets,  according  to  the  Hebrew  arrangement. 
Those  belonging  to  the  third  division,  the  Writings, 
have  been  Euth,  First  and  Second  Chronicles,  Ezra, 
Nehemiah,  and  Esther.  Part  VI  is  now  to  cover  an 
extended  portion  of  this  third  division,  giving  one  Study 
to  the  Psalms  and  two  Studies  to  the  Wisdom  Literature. 
Jmus'aiiu-  When  Jesus  appeared  to  his  disciples  in  the  room 
siontotbe  vvhcre  they  were  assembled  on  the  evening  of  the  day 
of  his  resurrection,  he  said  to  them,  "These  are  my 
words  which  I  spake  unto  you,  while  I  was  yet  with  you^ 
that  all  things  must  needs  be  fulfilled,  which  are  written 
in  the  law  of  Moses,  and  the  prophets,  and  the  Psalms, 
concerning  me "  (Luke  xxiv,  44).  It  has  often  been 
noted  that  he  here  seems  to  have  in  vie^v  each  of  the 
three  divisions  of  the  Jewish  Scriptures  as  bearing  wit- 
ness to  him.  But  from  the  third,  the  "Writings,"  he 
names  the  Psalms  as  the  most  important,  and  they  stand 
first  in  that  division. 

136 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  137 

This  agrees  with  the  judgment  of  the  great  body  of  Tribute  totho 
Christians.     No  part  of  the  Old  Testament  is  so  akin  !?"?*"!"'' ^* 

^  Their  Service. 

to  the  New  as  the  Psalms.  They  have  been  and  are  still 
so  helpful  to  devotion,  so  musical  with  praise,  so  full  of 
comfort,  that  they  are  often  bound  up  with  the  New 
Testament.  The  Psalter  "was  the  first  book  which  the 
early  Church  put  into  the  hands  of  her  young  converts, 
the  primer  of  her  religious  teaching;  and  no  man  could 
be  admitted  to  the  highest  order  of  the  clergy  unless  he 
knew  the  Psalter  by  heart.  "^  It  is  still  one  of  the  first 
books  of  the  Bible,  after  the  Gospels,  to  be  translated  by 
the  pioneer  missionary.  It  has  entered  into  the  liturgy 
and  hymns  of  the  entire  Church.  It  speaks  to  the  uni- 
versal heart  of  mankind.  Says  Davisoi%:  "Believers  in 
God  and  the  human  soul,  who  grapple  with  the  problems 
of  this  difficult  life,  who  bend  under  its  burdens,  and 
long  for  emancipation  from  its  evils,  who  know  the 
mystic  joys  of  penitence  and  the  unspeakable  enlarge- 
ment of  the  spirit  in  its  aspirations  after  righteousness 
and  its  enjoyment  of  personal  communion  with  a  personal 
God,  will  never  exhaust  the  fullness  of  the  Psalms,  nor 
weary  of  their  repetition."^ 

The  Psalms  belong  to  lyric  poetry,  and  show  more  Reiationt  to 

fully  than  any  of  the  other  poetical  books  of  the   Bible  He*""*^ 
.    .  .  .  Poetry. 

the  striking  and  peculiar  points  of  Hebrew  poetical  style 

and  meter.     This,  as  most  may  know,  is  without  rhyme, 

and  consists  in  the  rhythm  of  thought  and  balance  of 

sentences,  so  that,  in  its  usual  form,  a  second  idea  and 

its  expression  closely  parallels  a  first,  the  two  together 

being  like  the  combined  stroke  of  a  bird's  wings,  if  one 

is  pictured  as  following  the  other : 

"  The  heavens  declare  the  glory  of  God  ; 
And  the  firmament  showeth  his  handiwork.'" 


iVan  Dyke,  The  Story  of  the  Psalms,  quoted  by  Robertson,  7.    Seo 
also  N.  C.  B.  (Psa.),  I,  42. 
2  Davison,  (Psa.),  8. 
3Psa.  xix,  1. 


138 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Use  in  the 
Musical 
Service  of 
Temple. 


Authorsblp 
and  Dates. 


Sometimes  the  two  lines,  or  the  ideas  in  them,  are  in 
contrast,  and  a  verse  may  extend  to  more  than  the .  two 
lines,  so  that  it  shall  consist  of  three  or  four  or  even  a 
larger  number.  The  verses  are  built  up  into  stanzas, 
though  these  are  not  as  regular  as  in  English  poetry; 
and  many  of  the  Psalms  would  not  easily  divide  into 
stanzas.  Very  interesting  are  the  acrostic  features  of 
some  of  the  Psalms;  so  that,  for  example,  in  Psalm  cxix, 
twenty-two  sections  of  eight  verses  each  use  each  succes- 
sive letter  of  the  Hebrew  alphabet  to  begin  the  verses  of 
its  section. 

The  Psalms  were  largely  made  to  be  sung,  and  the 
inscriptions  of  many  of  them  refer  to  the  precentor  or 
conductor,  as  Heman  or  Asaph,  who  sounded  aloud  with 
cymbals,  while  others  led  the  singing  vocally  to  the 
accompaniment  of  psalteries  for  the  soprano  and  harps 
for  the  bass,  as  violins  and  violoncellos  would  now  be 
used.*  Various  kinds  of  trumpets  were  the  other  chief 
instruments,  in  addition  to  those  just  mentioned,  em- 
ployed in  the  temple  music.  The  names  of  tunes  to 
which,  in  earlier  days,  some  of  the  Psalms  were  sung  are 
also  found  in  the  inscriptions,  in  the  form  of  titles  of 
familiar  songs,  like  "The  Hind  of  the  Morning"  or 
"Lilies,"  with  which  they  were  associated.^ 

As  to  the  authorship  and  date  of  the  Psalms,  very 
careful  and  thoughtful  writers,  like  Davison,  Robertson, 
and  Kirkpatrick,  would  assign  some  of  them,  but  not  a 
large  number,  to  David.  The  first-named,  in  a  recent 
statement,  would  make  the  number  of  possible  Davidic 
Psalms  from  ten  to  twenty,  including  Psalms  iii,  iv, 
vii,  viii,  xv,  xviii,  xxiii,  xxiv,  xxxii,  and  perhaps  ci  and 
ex.®  Beardslee  and  others  would  assign  a  much  large 
number  of    Psalms   to   David.     Practically  all    scholars 


4See  1  Ohron.  xv,  17-21,  where  Alamoth  probably  means  soprano 
and  Sheminiih,  bass. 

fiSee  inscriptions  of  Psalms  xxll  and  xlv  Am  V..  with  the  mar- 
ginal translations. 

6  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  IV,  151. 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  139 

agree  that  the  inscriptions  to  the  Psalms,  being  a  com- 
paratively recent  addition  to  the  book,  can  not  be  relied 
upon  to  determine  the  authorship,  so  that  the  internal 
evidence  of  each  Psalm  must  largely  decide  by  whom  and 
at  what  time  it  was  written.  About  one  third  of  the 
Psalter  is  without  titles  indicating  authorship,  and  so  has 
always  been  anonymous.  This  may  serve  to  show  how 
unimportant,  after  all,  is  the  question  of  authorship  in 
the  study  of  the  Psalms ;  for  the  anonymous  Psalms  are 
as  precious  as  those  whose  authors  are  supposed  to  be 
known.  It  is  now  thought  that  these  hymns  of  the 
Church  of  the  old  covenant  were  written  from  the  time 
of  David  onward  during  several  centuries.  Collections 
of  Psalms  were  formed,  and  were  gradually  added  one  to 
another.  Five  such  collections  are  seen  in  the  present 
Book  of  Psalms.  The  number  of  Psalms  belonging  to 
each  can  be  noted  by  reference  to  the  Scripture  Outline 
for  this  lesson. 


The  attitude  of  the  inspired  \vriters  toward 
nature  is  always  reverent  and  devout.  Here  is 
found  the  finest  poetry,  in  all  the  w^ide  realm  of 
literature. 

"On  every  line, 
Marked  with  the  seals  of  high  Divinity, 
On  every  leaf  bedewed  with  drops 
Of  love  Divine,  and  with  the  eternal  heraldry 
And  signature  of  God  Almighty  stamped 
From  first  to  last." 


STUDY  XVii.— Second  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Psa.  xxiii,  1. 

Kead  Psa.  xxiii,  Xo  one  should  fail  to  have  this 
precious  Psalm  as  a  sure  possession  in  the  memory.  "  Thy 
rod  and  thy  staff,  they  comfort  me  "  (vs.  4),  were  the  last 
words  of  Sir  William  Hamilton. 


140 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Scripture  Outline. 

Psalms :  (1)  First  Book,  41  Psalms,  i — xli ;  (2)  Second  Book, 
31  Psalms,  xlii — Ixxii ;  (3)  Third  Book,  17  Psalms,  Ixxiii — Ixxxix : 
(4)  Fourth  Book,  17  Psalms,  xc — cvi ;  (5)  Fifth  Book,  44  Psalms, 
cvii — cl. 

STUDY  XVII.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  xlvi,  1. 

Kead  Psa.  xlvi.  This  and  the  next  two  Psalms  have 
been  connected  with  the  overthrow  of  Sennacherib  and 


Map  16.     Jerusalem  of  Later  Old  Testament. 

deliverance  of  Jerusalem  in  the  time  of  Hezekiah.' 
Luther's  great  hymn,  "A  mighty  fortress  is  our  God,"^ 
was  inspired  by  this  Psalm. 

7  Davison  (Psa.),  xv,  xvl;  Klrkpatrlck,  Cambridge  Bible  for  Schools, 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  141 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  large  map  extending  from  Ethiopia  to  Baby- 
lonia, and  then  place  on  it  as  many  geographical  names 
as  can  be  found  in  the  Psalms,  and  after  each  name  the 
figures  for  the  number  of  each  Psalm  in  which  it  occurs, 
as  Babylon,  87,  137.  Consult  maps  in  text-book  and 
elsewhere.  As  an  alternative,  study  Map  16,  which  rep- 
resents the  Jerusalem  of  the  Psalms. 

STUDY  XVII.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  Ixxii,  8. 

Read  Psa.  Ixxii.  In  connection  with  this  noble  Psalm 
with  its  outlook  toward  world-conquest  for  Christ,  note 
the  words  of  James  Gilmour,  the  heroic  missionary 
pioneer  in  Mongolia,  as  to  how  the  Psalms  helped  him: 
"When  I  feel  I  can  not  make  headway  in  devotion,  I 
open  in  the  Psalms,  push  out  in  my  canoe,  and  let  myself 
be  carried  along  in  the  stream  of  devotion  which  flows 
through  the  whole  book." 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  255,  256;  Ottley,  249;  Beardslee,  142-154;  Bumey, 
8-26,  48,  71,  72,  89,  90,  111-120;  Matheson,  I,  278,  279;  Davison 
(Psa.),  entire  ;  Robertson  entire. 

STUDY  XVII.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Psa.  Ixxxiv,  11. 

Read  Psa.  Ixxxiv.  Previous  selections  have  been  from 
the  first  and  second  books  or  collections  of  the  Psalms: 
this  fervent  hymn  on  the  joys  of  the  sanctuary  is  from 
the  midst  of  the  third  book,  and  is  deservedly  a  wide 
favorite  especially  for  use  in  the  Church  service. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-wor[<. 

1.  The  praise  of  God.  1  Chron.  xvi,  4,  25,  36 ;  2  Chron.  xx, 
21,  22 ;  Ezra  iii,  10,  11 ;  Psa.  xxxiv,  1 ;  1,  23  ;  Ixv,  1 ;  xcii,  1-3 ; 
cxlviii,  1-4,  8-13;  Jer.  xx,  13;  Col.  iii,  16;  Heb.  xiii,  15;  Rev. 
vii,9-12. 

2.  Special  structure  of  Hebrew  poetry.  Beardslee,  141,  142; 
Davison  (Psa.),  70-85;  N.  O.  B.  (Psa.),  I,  32-39. 


142  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

3.  Historical  and  imaginative  description  of  the  musical 
sei"vice  of  the  Jewish  temple.  1  Chron.  xxiii,  5 ;  xxv,  1,  6-8  ;  2 
Chron.  v,  12,  13^  xxxi,  21 ;  Davison  (Psa.),  85-93. 

4.  Study  of  musical  instruments  used  by  the  Hebrevr  people, 
Psa.  Ixxxi,  2,  3;  xcii,  3;  xcviii,  5,  6;  cl,  3-5;  Davison  (Psa.), 
86,  87  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

5.  The  Psalms  as  literature  or  poetry.  Davison  (Psa.),  93- 
99 ;  Eobertson,  146-173. 

6.  Christ  in  the  Psalms.  Psa.  ii,  xxii,  xlv,  Ixxii,  ex  ;  Blaikie. 
256;  Beardslee,  153;  Burney,  111,  115;  Davison  (Psa.),  201-254. 

7.  The  spiritual  power  and  sei'vice  of  the  Psalms.  Beards- 
lee, 143,  153  ;  Burney,  126-129 ;  Davison  (Psa.),  263-287  ;  Robert- 
son, 235-290. 

STUDY  XVII.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verses,  Psa.  ciii,  12, 13. 

Eead  Psa.  ciii.  It  is  diflBcult  to  make  a  choice  of  one 
from  among  the  grand  Psalms  of  the  fourth  collection. 
The  ninetieth,  with  which  the  book  opens,  the  ninety- 
first,  the  one  hundredth,  the  one  hundred  and  fourth, 
must  needs  be  passed  by  in  order  that  the  one  having  the 
deepest  and  tenderest  notes  of  praise  of  any  in  the  Psalter 
may  be  chosen.  "  The  personal  relation  between  God  and 
his  people  hardly  finds  such  full  recognition  anywhere 
else  in  the  Old  Testament,"  says  Davison. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  In  what  way  did  Christ  perhaps  refer  to  the  three  divi- 
sions of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures  ?    See  Narrative. 

2.  Can  you  describe  the  special  feature  of  Hebrew  poetry 
called  "  parallelism  ?  " 

3.  What  were  some  of  the  musical  instruments  used  in  the 
temple  service  ? 

4.  During  what  general  period  were  the  Psalms  probably 
composed  ? 

5.  How  many  collections  are  found  in  the  present  book  of 
Psalms  ? 

6.  Can  you  give  your  personal  choice  of  five  Psalms? 

STUDY  XVII. — Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Psa.  cxxi,  8. 

Read  Psa.  cxxi.  The  selection  from  the  fifth  book  of 
Psalms   is   taken    from    the    special   group   of   beautiful 


singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  143 

psalms  within  it  (cxx — cxxxiv),  known  as  the  **  Pilgrim 
Psalms,"  or  Psalms  of  Degrees  or  Ascents,  because  they 
express  the  feeling  of  the  nation  in  returning  from  exile, 
and  going  up  to  the  city  and  sanctuary  of  God. 

Personal  Thought. 

*'A11  my  springs  are  in  thee."  (Psa.  Ixxxvii,  7,  A.  V.) 
Are  all  the  most  powerful  impulses,  the  richest  inspir- 
ations, the  keenest  joys,  the  sweetest  loves,  the  largest 
hopes  of  your  life  from  God  ?  Then  you  also  are  a 
psalmist,  though  as  yet  the  music  in  your  heart  may  be 
without  words.     *^All  my  springs  are  in  TJiee." 


PART  VI.— EIGHTEENTH  "WEEK. 
PROVEKBS  AND  SONG  OF  SOLOMON. 


••The  wise.' 


Growth  and 
Forms  of 
Hebrew 
Wisdom. 


STUDY  XVIII.— First  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Prov.  i,  33. 
Eead  Prov.  i,  20-33. 

Narrative. 

The  class  of  persons  among  the  Hebrews  known  as 
"  the  Wise  "  might  be  placed  beside  the  priests  and  the 
prophets  as  a  third  class  (Jer.  xviii,  18)  whose  teachings 
and  writings  were  prized  by  the  people,  especially  from 
about  the  time  of  Solomon  onward  to  the  Christian  era.^ 
While  they  are  referred  to  only  incidentally,  and  were 
not  distinguished  as  fully  as  the  priests  or  even  the 
prophets  by  dress  or  outward  signs,  they  were  doubtless 
often  publicly  known  in  the  communities  where  they 
resided  and  taught. 

The  Book  of  Proverbs  presents  Hebrew  wisdom  in  its 
purest  and  most  distinctive  form.  This  element  in  the 
life  and  thought  of  the  people  had  its  first  almost  un- 
noticed expression  in  mere  similitudes.  Next  may  be 
placed  riddles,  like  that  of  Samson;  fables,  such  as  that 
which  Jotham  used  about  the  trees ;  or  parables,  as  those 
of  Nathan  and  the  wise  woman  of  Tekoa."  Later  came 
the  longer  and  more  studied  productions  of  wisdom,  some 
being  chiefly  dramatic  in  treatment,  like  the  Book  of  Job 
and  the  Song  of  Solomon,  and  others  more  of  the  nature 
of  a  sermon  or  essay,  as  the  Book  of  Ecclesiastes  and 
portions  of  the  Book  of  Proverbs.    But  the  term  mashal,^ 

1  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  3-14;  Kent,  11-46;  Ottley,  24»-251. 

2Judg.  xlv,  12-18;  Ix,  7-20;  2  Sam.  xli,  1-15;  xlv,  1-20;  Kent,  33-S8. 

8  Hebrew  word  for  proverb. 

144 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  145 

though  it  applies  to  all  of  these,  is  especially  appropriate 
when  used  to  denote  the  short,  pithy  precept  usually 
thought  of  as  a  proverb.* 

The  large  number  of  such  proverbs  brought  together  coiiectioiu  of 
in  the  book  now  being  considered  probably  makes  it  a  P'o^e^bs. 
collection  extending  over  several  centuries  of  Hebrew 
history.  Solomon's  work  lies  at  the  foundation,  and  even 
he  may  have  gathered  up  many  earlier  sayings  and  given 
them  such  fresh  and  apt  wording  that  they  became 
merged  with  his  own  proverbs.  Others  after  him  uttered 
proverbs,  and  then  there  came  times  when  collections 
were  made.  Two  such  principal  collections  are  seen  in 
Prov.  X — xxii,  16,  and  xxv — xxix,  and  the  second  has  pre- 
faced to  it  the  words,  "  These  also  are  proverbs  of  Solo- 
mon, which  the  men  of  Hezekiah,  king  of  Judah  copied 
out"  (Prov.  xxv,  1).  Davison  would  make  the  date  of  the 
first  of  the  above  collections  from  fifty  to  a  hundred  years 
before  the  time  of  Hezekiah.^  The  first  nine  chapters  of 
the  book  are  introductory,  and  the  portions  not  mentioned 
are  appendixes  to  the  main  collections. 

The  Book  of  Proverbs  in  its  moral  teachings  has  ever  Two  Con- 
in  view  two  great  contrasted  ideas.  On  the  one  side  is  *"^***"*'**"* 
*' wisdom,"  with  a  group  of  words  that  go  along  with  it, 
like  "understanding,"  "knowledge,"  "prudence,"  "dis- 
cretion." On  the  other  side  is  "folly,"  also  with  its  train, 
such  as  "stupidity,"  "ignorance,"  " brutishness,"  "vil- 
lainy." These  lists  are  somewhat  like  those  of  the  fruits 
of  the  Spirit  and  the  works  of  the  flesh  in  the  New  Testa- 
ment, and  the  presence  or  absence  of  the  respective  qual- 
ities of  character  serves  to  mark  mankind  off  into  two 
classes. 

But  the  book  is  not  merely  moral.    It  is  also  religious ;  Reiigiou* 
and  as  such  it  judges  all  things  and  all  persons   and^**"** 
actions  from  the  point  of  view  of  Jehovah. 


4Keiit,  8S-46;  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  121, 122. 
5  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  115. 
10 


146 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Wisdom 
Personified. 


Points  of 

Character 

Covered. 


Song  of 
Solomon. 


Purpose  of 
Composition. 


"  The  fear  of  Jehovah  is  the  beginning  of  wisdom." 

"  Commit  thy  works  unto  Jehovah." 

"Jehovah  directeth  his  steps." 

"Whoso  findeth  a  wife  findeth  a  good  thing,  and  obtaineth 
favor  of  Jehovah." 

"  A  false  balance  is  an  abomination  to  Jehovah  ;  but  a  just 
weight  is  his  delight." 

"  They  that  seek  Jehovah  understand  all  things."^ 

Under  this  religious  impulse,  Wisdom  is  beautifully 
personified  in  the  first  chapter  of  Proverbs,  and  still  more 
fully  portrayed  in  all  her  lovely  traits  and  winning  serv- 
ices in  the  eighth  chapter.  Says  Davison:  "The  writer 
goes  out  of  his  way  to  use  dainty  and  expressive  words  to 
illustrate  the  great  truth  that  cheerfulness  and  joy  belong 
to  the  realm  of  order,  not  of  disorder ;  that  true  gayety  of 
heart  belongs  to  wisdom,  not  to  folly;  that  in  creation 
there  is  not  only  mind  but  heart,  not  only  grave  and  pro- 
found purpose,  but  overflowing  joy.'' 

The  special  precepts  of  the  book  bear  on  so  many 
practical  points  that  they  can  not  begin  to  be  named. 
Falsehood,  anger,  pride,  envy,  lust,  sloth,  avarice,  and 
evil  speaking  among  other  sins  and  vices  are  condemned ; 
and  truth,  temperance,  tact,  diligence,  faithfulness,  gen- 
erosity, mercy,  cheerfulness,  reverence,  righteousness, 
and  many  other  virtues  and  graces  are  commended.^ 

But  few  lines  are  left  in  which  to  treat  the  Song  of 
Solomon.  It  therefore  seems  best  to  pass  by  all  the  diffi- 
cult questions  which  hedge  about  this  book,  and  state 
simply  the  results  which  seem  to  be  more  and  more  fully 
assured.® 

The  book  is  composed  of  a  series  of  delicate  and 
beautiful  poems  cast  in  a  dramatic  form  and  intended  to 
celebrate  pure  nuptial  love.  The  language  has  the  glow- 
ing warmth  and  color  of  the  Orient  in  symbol  and  im- 


eProv.lx,  10;  lli,3,  9;  xvlil,  22;  xl,  1;  xx%nil,  5. 
7 Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  150. 

8  For  a  ciasslflcatlon  by  subjects  of  all  the  Proverbs,  see  Kent,  75-166. 
9 Bee    especially   Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  arts.  "Song  of  Songs,"  and 
'Sbunem." 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  147 

agery,  but  the  production  is  pure  from  beginning  to  end. 
It  really  celebrates  the  triumph  of  the  love  of  a  maiden 
for  her  lover  in  the  north  of  Israel,  over  the  desire  of 
King  Solomon  to  make  her  his  wife;  and  was  composed 
to  show  the  power  of  pure  love,  probably  because  there 
was  a  beautiful  maiden  from  Sliunem  in  northern  Israel 
at  the  court  in  the  opening  of  Solomon's  reign,  of  whom 
it  is  not  recorded  that  she  became  his  wife.^"  In  Kings 
she  is  called  "the  Shunammite;"  in  the  poem  "the  Shu- 
lammite,"  from  another  form  of  the  name  of  Shunem.  On 
this  slender  little  clue  it  appears  the  poem  was  built.  Its 
place  in  the  Scriptures  is  sure,  because  it  makes  the  Bible 
even  more  comjjlete,  not  only  to  have  such  love  used  as 
a  symbol  of  the  love  of  God  for  Israel,  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, and  of  the  love  of  Christ  for  the  Church,  in  the 
New,  but  to  have  such  love  presented  in  all  its  strength 
and  glory  for  its  own  sake. 

The  movement  of  the  poem  is  extremely  difficult  to  Selections. 
follow.     Eead,  then,  in  conclusion  these  two  selections: 

"  Rise  up,  my  love,  my  fair  one,  and  come  away. 
For,  lo,  the  winter  is  past ; 
The  rain  is  over  and  gone  ; 
The  flowers  appear  on  the  earth  ; 
The  time  of  the  singing  of  birds  is  come. 
And  the  voice  of  the  turtle-dove  is  heard  in  our  land  ; 
Arise,  my  love,  my  fair  one,  and  come  away."  " 

"  Set  me  as  a  seal  upon  thy  heart, 
As  a  seal  upon  thine  arm : 
For  love  is  strong  as  death ; 

A  very  flame  of  Jehovah. 

Many  waters  can  not  quench  love, 

Neither  can  floods  drown  it : 

If  a  man  would  give  all  the  substance  of  his  house 

for  love. 
He  would  utterly  be  contemned.^^ 


101  Kings  i,  3,  4;  ii,  13-25. 
U  Song  of  Solomon  11, 10-13. 
12  Song  of  Solomou  vlU,  6,  7. 


148  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

It  is  literally  true  that  Divine  W^isdom  may  be- 
come the  guide  to  good  men,  affording  clearness  to 
the  powers  of  perception  and  poise  to  the  judgment. 
This  doctrine  is  set  forth  with  clearness  and  pow^er 
in  the  second  chapter  of  Proverbs. 


STUDY  XVIII.— Second  Day.  Memory  Verses,  Prov.  iii,  9,  10. 
Eead  Prov.  iii,  1-6,  9-18.  While  the  words  "my  son," 
do  not  generally  mean  the  young,  in  these  addresses  in 
Proverbs,  but  rather  the  disciple  of  wisdom,  this  book  is 
of  special  value  to  the  young. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Proverbs :  (1)  Introductory  essay  or  appeal,  i — ix  ;  (2)  First 
collection,  x — xxii,  16;  (3)  Short  collection  of  "words  of  the 
wise,"  xxii,  17  —  xxiv,  22;  (4)  Appendix,  xxiv,  23-34;  (5) 
Second  collection,  xxv-xxix ;  (6)  The  words  of  Agur,  xxx ;  (7) 
The  words  of  King  Lemuel,  xxxi,  1-9;  (8)  Praise  of  the  virtu- 
ous woman,  xxxi  10-31. 

Song  of  Solomon:  (1)  The  acts  or  parts  in  which  King  Solo- 
mon is  seeking  to  win  the  maiden,  i — v,  1 ;  (2)  The  acts  or  parts 
in  which  the  maiden  is  joined  with  her  true  lover,  v,  2 — viii,  14.^^ 

STUDY  XVIII.— Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Prov,  iv,  23. 

Read  Prov.  iv,  10-27.  Among  the  most  valuable  are 
the  precepts  telling  how  to  avoid  temptation,  as  verses  15, 
and  25.  Verse  23  is  a  noble  ideal  for  character-building, 
the  word  "heart"  corresponding  to  this  modern  term. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Wori<. 

Locate  the  town  of  Shunem,  in  the-eastern  part  of  the 
Plain  of  Esdraelon,  and  study  the  Scripture  allusions. 
See  Map  9  in  text-hook;  Smith,  397-403,  and  Plate  VI; 
Josh,  xix,  18;  1  Sam.  xxviii,  4;  1  Kings  i,  3;  2  Kings 
iv,  8. 


13  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  IV,  I 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  149 

STUDY  XVIII.— Fourth  Day.  Memory  Verses,  Prov.  viii, 35, 36. 
Eead  Prov.  viii,  12-36.     This  is  one  of  the  choice 
chapters  of  the  Bible.     It  would  be  well   to   memorize 
verses  22-36. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  263,  264;  Beardslee,  154-158,  168-173;  Burney,  8, 
72,  83;  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  106-210,  272-311 ;  Kent,  entire. 

STUDY  XVIII.— Fifth  Day.    Memory  Verses,  Prov.  xxiii,  31,  32. 
Eead  Prov.  xxiii,  29-35.     The  passage  forms  one  of 
the  most  vivid  and  eifective  temperance  lessons  to  be 
found  in  all  literature. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for   Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  Obedience  to  God  brings  wisdom.  1  Kings  iii,  28 ;  Job 
xxxiii,  28;  Psa.  cxi,  10;  Prov.  ii,  6,  7;  iii,  5,  6;  ix,  10;  Eccles. 
ii,  26  ;  Dan.  i,  17 ;  Luke  ii,  52, 

2.  Tlie  main  points  about  Hebrew  wisdom.  Beardslee,  154, 
155;  Davidson  (Wis.  Lit.),  3-19;  Kent,  26-31. 

3.  Types  of  wisdom  literature,  as  proverb,  parable,  dramatic 
poem,  and  other  forms.     Kent,  32-46  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

4.  Arrange  some  of  the  sayings  of  Proverbs  about  the  right 
and  wrong  use  of  speech.  Prov.  xi,  13;  xii,  19;  xiv,  25;  xv,  1, 
2,  23;  xvi,  1,  28;  xx,  3;  xxv,  11;  xxviii,  23;  xxxi,  26;  (Select 
others  and  classify).     Kent,  94,  98,  110,  127-130,  134,  147. 

5.  The  proverbs  on  friendship.  (Make  a  full  collection  and 
arrange).    Kent,  100,  133. 

6.  Some  social  teachings  of  the  Book  of  Proverbs.  Blaikie, 
263,264;  Kent,  100-136. 

STUDY  XVIII.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Prov.  xxv,  11. 

Eead  Prov.  xxv,  1-11.  Note  how  Christ  in  his  parable 
about  the  chief  seats  at  wedding  feasts  (Luke  xiv,  7-11), 
probably  uses  the  illustrative  suggestion  of  verse  7.  Find 
other  points  showing  his  knowledge  of  the  Book  of 
Proverbs." 


14  Kent,  176-201. 


150         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  Can  you  mention  some  of  the  forms  in  which  the  teaching 
related  to  proverbs  is  found  in  the  Old  Testament?  See  Nar- 
rative. 

2.  In  the  reign  of  what  king  of  Judah  was  a  collection  of 
Proverbs  made? 

3.  What  two  words  give  the  great  moral  contrast  of  Prov- 
erbs? 

4.  What  shows  that  the  Proverbs  are  religious  in  their 
standard  as  well  as  moral? 

5.  Can  you  name  five  vices  that  are  condemned? 

6.  What  are  some  of  the  chief  virtues  that  are  commended? 

7.  To  what  town  in  northern  Israel  did  the  maiden  in  the 
Song  of  Solomon  probably  belong?     See  Nai-rative. 

8.  What  is  the  theme  of  the  Song? 

STUDY  XVil I. —Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Prov.  xxxi,  29. 
Eead  Prov>  xxxi,  10-31.     A  part  of  the  great  debt 
which  woman  owes  to  Hebrew  thought  for  her  present 
freedom  and  honor  is  created  by  these  lines. 

Personal  Thought. 

*'I  love  them  that  love  me;  and  those  that  seek  me 
diligently  shall  find  me."     (Prov.  viii,  17.) 

"  Early"  is  now  in  the  margin,  and  stood  in  this  verse 
where  "  diligently"  now  stands.  But  it  does  not  matter. 
Whoever  is  going  to  seek  true  wisdom  diligently  must 
seek  it  early.  The  years  from  twelve  to  eighteen  cover 
most  of  the  conversions. 

Have  I  sought  —  early  —  diligently  —  and  have  I  so 
sought  as  to  find  a  genuine  Christian  experience  ? 


PART  VI —NINETEENTH  WrSBK. 
JOB  AND  ECCLESIASTES. 


STUDY  XIX. — First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Job  i,  21. 
Read  Job  i. 

Narrative. 
Two  of  the  wisdom-books  of  the  Old  Testament,  most  ••  ah  Men's 
profound  and  involved  in  their  teachings  and  most  diffi-  ^^^•" 
cult   to    explain,  are    considered  in  the  present  lesson. 
The  first  of  these  is  Job,  which  is  one  of  the  great  books 
of  the  Bible.     It  is  a  book  to  stir  to  their  depths  men  of 
genius  and  thought,  like  Carlyle,  Froude,  and  Goethe, 
and  inspire  them  to  produce  some  of  their  best  writings. 
Carlyle  called  it  "all  men's  book;"  and  while  the  people 
of  the  present  day  do  not  get  as  much  out  of  it  as  did 
those  of  former  times,  it  will  repay  all  the  effort  made  to 
gain  a  knowledge  of  it.     If  the  definition  of  it  which  is 
preferred  by  Professor  Davison  is  put  into  simple  phrase, 
it  may  read,  "a  poem  aimed  to  teach  truth,  in  dialogue 
form,  and  worked  out  in  a  dramatic  way." 

The  Book  of  Job  is  then  a  Hebrew  poem.  A  prose  structure. 
introduction  called  the  prologue,  gives  the  important 
facts,  and  explains  why  the  afflictions  come  to  Job, 
and  there  is  a  prose  conclusion  or  epilogue.  Most  of 
the  poem  is  in  the  form  of  a  dialogue,  with  long  speeches 
by  the  three  friends,  Eliphaz,  Bildad,  and  Zophar,  and 
Job's  replies.  But  first  Job  utters  a  bitter  cry  in 
chapter  iii,  and  in  the  third  round  of  speeches,  when 
Zophar  does  not  respond,  it  is  a  sign  that  the  friends 
are  beaten ;  and  Job  follows  with  a  long  speech  or  mono- 
logue, covering   chapters   xxvi — xxxi.    Then  Elihu,  a 

151 


152 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Supreme 
Message. 


The  Man  and 
the  Writing. 


Location 
of  Uz. 


a>5t  of 
Ecclesiastes. 


young  onlooker,  intervenes  in  an  argument,  extending 
through  six  chapters.  Finally,  God  is  represented  as 
speaking,  through  five  chapters;  and  Job  declares  his 
un worthiness  and  submission.^  The  epilogue  shows  his 
acceptance,  and  restoration  to  double  his  former  prop- 
erty, with  long  life  added. 

The  supreme  truth  of  it  all  is,  that  a  good  man,  like 
Job,  can  patiently  endure  the  greatest  losses  and  trials 
and  maintain  his  disinterested  fidelity  to  God ;  and  that 
the  ancient  view,  that  affliction  is  a  proof  of  transgres- 
sion, is  wrong.  It  does  not  fully  solve  the  problem  of 
suffering,  because  the  writer  had  not  a  sufficient  disclos- 
ure of  the  future  life  to  make  use  of  it;  but  it  does 
practically  solve  the  problem  to  the  good  man  who  sees 
God,  and  can  then  trustfully  submit  all  to  him. 

It  is  generally  held  that  Job  was  a  historic  person, 
living  probably  long  before  the  book  was  written,  as  he 
is  mentioned  by  Ezekiel,^  along  with  Noah  and  Daniel, 
and  that  the  simple  story  of  his  afflictions  had  come  down 
by  tradition.  This  was  developed  by  an  unknown  writer, 
either  during  the  exile,  or  not  long  before  or  after  that 
time.* 

Uz,  the  country  in  which  Job  lived  (Job  i,  1),  is 
located  east  of  the  Jordan  Valley,  either  in  some  region 
of  the  south  bordering  on  the  Desert,  or  to  the  north 
toward  Mt.  Hermon.'* 

Ecclesiastes  is  the  name  in  the  Septuagint,  or  Greek 
version,  for  the  Hebrew  Eolieleth.  The  English  term, 
"The  Preacher,"  or,  as  some  would  put  it,  "The  Ideal 
Teacher,"  may  be  as  good  a  rendering  of  it  as  can  be 


1"  Job's  repentance  is  not  to  be  referred  to  some  definite  error  or 
event  In  which  he  has  been  proved  wrong.  It  Is  due  to  that  feeling  of 
earthly  impurity  which  can  not  but  rise  when  the  heart  is  laid  bare 
before  infinite  Holiness."    Genung.   The  Epic  of  the  Inner  Li/e,S^. 

'■iFjzek..  xlv,  14;   Driver,  Introduction ,  411, 

3 Davison,  (Wis.  Lit.),  47,  48,  and  in  Hast.  Bib.  Diet..  IL  669-«71; 
Benrdslee,  100,  161;  Davidson  (Job),  Ixvll.  Genung  The  Epic  oj  the 
Inner  Life,  102-114,  on  the  basis  of  Job  xil,  xlil,  1.  and  xv.  17-19,  would 
place  Its  composition  In  the  time  of  Hezelilah 

4Davldson  (Job),  1;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  •' Uz.'     See  Map  14. 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  153 

made.  The  book  for  which  it  stands  plainly  shows  that 
it  was  written  by  one  who  had  passed  through  varied 
experiences.  Yet  he  seems  to  have  been  saddened  by  his 
keen  perception  of  the  evil  side  of  life  and  the  world, 
and  the  difficulty  of  effecting  any  worthy  or  permanent 
good  results.  "  The  hearts  of  the  sons  of  men  are  full  of 
evil."  "Consider  the  work  of  God:  for  who  can  make 
that  straight,  which  he  hath  made  crooked  ?  In  the  day 
of  prosperity  be  joyful,  and  in  the  day  of  adversity  con- 
sider ;  yea,  God  hath  made  the  one  side  by  side  with  the 
other."  "What  profit  hath  he  that  worketh  in  that 
wherein  he  laboreth?"  "All  things  come  alike  to  all."* 
But  through  and  beyond  this  dark  outlook  the  author 
holds  to  his  faith,  though  it  is  nowhere  a  joyful  and 
triumphant  faith,  and  he  says,  "Surely  I  know  that  it 
shall  be  well  with  them  that  fear  God."  "  Fear  God,  and 
keep  his  commandments;  for  this  is  the  whole  duty  of 
man."^ 

While  the  earlier  view  that  it  was  written  by  Solomon  Author  and 
is  still  held  by  a  few,  Beardslee  says:  "The  structure  of '***•* 
the  book  shows  that  the  writer  gathers  his  statements 
around  Solomon  as  a  representative  man,  thereby  giving 
the  force  of  a  concrete  example  to  his  teachings,  without 
intending  to  claim  that  the  writer  was  himself  Solomon," 
and  he  dates  it  between  400  and  250  B.  C.' 


**  Where  shall  wisdom  be  found  ?  and  w^here  is 
the  place  of  understanding?  .  .  .  The  depth  saith, 
It  is  not  in  me:  and  the  sea  saith,  It  is  not  with  me. 
It  can  not  be  gotten  for  gold,  neither  shall  silver  be 
w^eighed  for  the  price  thereof  .  .  .  The  gold  and 
the  crystal  can  not  equal  it:  and  the  exchange  of  it 
shall  not  be  for  jew^els  of  fine  gold  .   .   .   God  under- 


5Ecoles,  IX   3;  vli.  13.  14;  lli,  9-,  Ix,  2, 
6Eccles,  vlU,  l2;   xll,  i3. 
7  Beardslee,  i«4,  185. 


154         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


standeth  the  way  thereof,  and  he  knoweth  the  place 
thereof  .  .  .  and  unto  man  He  said,  Behold,  the 
fear  of  the  Lord,  that  is  wisdom  :  and  to  depart  from 
evil  is  understanding." 


STUDY  XIX.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Job  ii,  10. 

Eead  Job  ii.  Of  Satan,  Professor  Genung  says:  "  He 
lives  simply  to  appease  the  restlessness  of  the  moment. 
"We  find  him  a  mocking,  detracting,  reckless,  impudent 
being,  observing  and  criticising  all  things,  yet  sympathiz- 
ing with  none,  caring  for  no  suffering,  responding  to  no 
deep  movements  of  heart.  "^ 

Scripture  Outline. 

Job:  (1)  Prologue  i,  ii ;  (2)  Job's  bitter  cry,  iii ;  (3)  Dia- 
logue with  three  friends,  iv — xxv;  (4)  Job's  monologue,  xxvi — 
xxxi ;  (5)  Intervention  of  Elihu,  xxxii — xxxvii ;  (6)  Appearance 
and  address  of  Jehovah,  xxxviii — xli ;  (7)  Job's  submission,  xlii, 
1-6;  (8)  Epilogue,  xlii,  7-17. 

Ecclesiastes :  (1)  Theme,  searching  for  the  highest  good,  i, 
1-11 ;  (2)  Testing  of  life  and  the  world,  as  knowledge,  pleasure, 
etc.,  i,  12 — viii,  15;  (3)  Testing  of  confidence  in  God,  viii,  16 — 
xii,  7;  (4)  Conclusion,  fear  God  and  keep  his  commandments, 
xii,  8-14. 

STUDY  XIX. — Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Job  iv,  17. 

Read  Job  iv.  "  Like  a  lonely  pillar  amidst  the  build- 
ings of  the  Syrian  city  of  Baalbek,  or  like  one  of  the 
massive  mouoliihs  standing  apart  amidst  the  magnificent 
ruins  of  Luxor,  is  the  Book  of  Job  in  relation  to  the  other 
books  of  the  Old  Testament.'" 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Outline  the  entire  region  of  Palestine  east  of  the  Jor- 
dan Valley,  and  make  a  study  of  its  physical  features  and 
natural  sections,  noting  any  indications  of  the  home  of 
Job.  See  Maps  1,  14,  L,  in  text-book;  MacCoun,  I,  41- 
46,  Maps  10,  41-46;  Ilurlbut,  28,  30;  Smith,  519-530, 
548-553,  Physical  Sketch  Map,  p.  51. 

8  Genung,  The  Epic  of  the  Inner  Life,  83. 
9 Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  20. 


Singers  and  Wisdom  Writers.  155 

STUDY  XIX. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Job  xxviii,  28. 

Eead  Job  xxviii.  This  chapter  brings  out  the  daring 
accomplishments  of  men  of  that  time  in  mining,  and  then 
compares  the  quest  for  metals  and  jewels  with  that  for 
wisdom.  Davison  declares  it  to  be  "  amongst  the  finest 
passages  of  all  literature." 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  86-88  ;  Ottley,  206,  24^251 ;  Beardslee,  158-168, 180- 
186;  Barney,  8,  15,  19,  86,  104,  121-126,  129;  Matheson,  I,  349- 
369;  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  20-105,  211-271. 

STUDY  XIX.— Fifth  Day.  Memory  Verses,  Job  xxxviii,  31,  32. 
Eead  Job  xxxviii.  On  this  and  the  following  chapter 
Driver  well  says:  "The  first  speech  of  Jehovah  tran- 
scends all  other  descriptions  of  the  wonders  of  the  crea- 
tion or  the  greatness  of  the  Creator,  which  are  to  be  found 
either  in  the  Bible  or  elsewhere.  The  picturesque  illus- 
trations, the  choice  diction,  the  splendid  imagery,  the 
light  and  rapid  movement  of  the  verse,  combine  to  pro- 
duce a  whole  of  incomparable  brilliancy  and  force.  "^^ 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God's  answer  to  life'^s  problem.  Micah  vi,  8;  Isa.  xxvi, 
3,  4  ;  Jer.  xxxi,  14,  25  ;  Ezsk.  xxxvi,  25-27  ;  Isa.  liii,  5  ;  liv,  11-14 ; 
Psa.  xvii,  15  ;  Job  xlii,  5 ;  Eccles.  xii,  13 ;  Rom.  viii,  28. 

2.  Spiritual  lessons  of  the  Book  of  Job.  Beardslee,  161, 162 ; 
Burney,  124-126;  Matheson,  I,  349-369 ;  Davidson,  Theology  of 
the  Old  Testament,  466-495;  Bib.  Ency.,  II,  964,  965. 

8.  The  influence  of  the  Book  of  Job  in  literature.  Davison 
(Wis.  Lit.),  55-77. 

4.  Outlook  of  the  Book  of  Job  on  physical  science.  Job  vi, 
5, 16, 17 ;  ix,  5-9 ;  xiv,  18, 19  ;  xxviii,  1-19 ;  xxxvi,  27-33 ;  xxxviii, 
16-35;  Blaikie,  88. 

5.  Old  Testament  reptiles  and  mammals,  other  than  domes- 
tic animals. ^1  Lev.  xi,  5,  6,  26-30 ;  Judg.  xv,  3  ;  1  Sam.  xvii,  34- 
36;  Jer.  xiii,23;  Jobiv,  10, 11;  xx,16;  xxvi,  13;  xxx,29;  xxxix, 
1-12;  xl,  15— xli ;  Song  of  Sol.  ii,  15,  17  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

10  Driver,  Introduction,  427. 

11  On  domestic  animals  In  time  of  Judges,  see  Study  IX,  Fifth  Day, 
Topic  6. 


156         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

6.  Short,  imaginative  biogi'aphy  of  the  author  of  Eccle- 
siastes,  supposing  he  is  not  Solomon.  As  an  example,  see  out- 
line of  that  by  Plumptre,  in  Davison  (Wis.  Lit.),  223-225. 

STUDY  XIX.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Eccles.  ix,  18. 

Eead  Eccles.  ix,  10-18.  As  the  writer  of  Ecclesiastes 
comes  nearer  the  end  of  his  book  he  seems  to  see  greater 
value  in  earnest  effort,  yet  note  that  he  still  feels  that 
*'time  and  chance  happeneth  to  all"  (vs.  11),  and  that 
"one  sinner  destroyeth  much  good"  (vs.  18). 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  To  which  division  of  the  Old  Testament,  in  the  Hebrew 
Bible,  do  the  wisdom  and  poetical  books  belong?  See  Narra- 
tive, Study  XVII. 

2.  With  what  other  two  classes  may  "  the  Wise  "  in  Israel 
be  compared?    See  Narrative,  Study  XVIII. 

3.  Can  you  brieily  describe  the  Book  of  Job? 

4.  What  are  the  names  of  Job's  thi'ee  friends? 

5.  What  other  younger  man  at  last  took  jjart  in  the  discus- 
sion? 

6.  In  what  general  way  does  God  lead  Job  to  a  new  submis- 
sion and  trust? 

7.  AVhat  is  the  concluding  truth  or  lesson  of  the  Book  of 
Ecclesiastes? 

STUDY  XIX. — Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Eccles.  xii,  1. 
Eead  Eccles.  xii. 

Personal  Thought. 

"  Remember  also  thy  Creator  in  the  days  of  thy 
youth."     (Eccles.  xii,  1.) 

Ilave  I  made  this  remembrance  of  God  not  one  of  the 
head,  but  of  the  heart?  And  have  I  duly  regarded  in 
this  remembrance  my  great  debt  to  him,  and  what  pur- 
poses he  may  have  to  fulfill  in  my  life? 


PAET  YII. 
HEBEEW  PROPHETS  AND  TEACHEES. 

TWENTIETH  WEEK. 

ELIJAH  A^^D  ELISHA. 


STUDY  XX.— First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xvii,  16. 
Read  1  Kings  xvii. 

Narrative. 

The  last  feature  of  Hebrew  life  now  to  be  studied  is,  crowning 
in  many  ways,  the  most  important.      Doubtless,   it   is  ^^^^^  *** 
chiefly  through   the   channel  of  the   prophets  that  the 
religious  spirit  and  truths  of  the  Hebrew  people  have 
flowed  forth  to  all  the  world. 

As  Kirkpatrick  says,  the  prophet  was  not  so  much  a  a  Prophet's 
foreteller  as  a  forthteller,  a  speaker  for  God  to  men.  *"^*''>"' 
He  grasped  the  lessons  of  the  past;  he  inspired  and 
guided  the  present;  he  outlined  the  future.  Everywhere 
he  saw  the  will  and  working  of  God,  and  so  he  was  a 
preacher  of  righteousness.  Often  he  was  so  in  touch 
with  the  events  of  his  time,  so  near  to  the  ruler  in  the 
authority  with  which  he  spoke,  and  so  burdened  for  the 
welfare  of  all,  that  he  became  a  statesman.  Yet  even 
then  his  influence  was  spiritual  and  religious,  and  his 
aim  was  to  exalt  Jehovah  as  supreme  in  the  hearts  of  the 
people  and  the  life  of  the  nation. 

Elijah  and  Elisha  show  the  work  of  the  earlier  proph-  Appearance 
ets,  who  are  known  more  by  their  deeds  and  did  not  leave  "?*!  ^**"8:es  of 

.  •'  Elijah. 

written  prophecies.     These  two  belong  in  the  Northern 
Kingdom;   and  Elijah  appears  suddenly  when  the  Ten 

157 


IS8 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Before  Abab 
and  on 
Carmel. 


Interview  of 
Comfort  and 
New  Commls- 
•ioo. 


Tribes  were  being  led  away  from  God  by  Baal-worship, 
which  Jezebel,  the  heathen  wife  of  King  Ahab,  had 
introduced.  The  grand,  stern  prophet  comes  from  the 
highlands  of  Gilead,  east  of  the  Jordan,  and  says  to  the 
king,  "As  Jehovah,  the  God  of  Israel,  liveth,  .  ,  . 
there  shall  not  be  dew  nor  rain  these  years,  but  according 
to  my  word"  (1  King  xvii,  1).  Then  he  goes  quickly 
back,  probably  across  the  Jordan,  and  hides  by  the  brook 
Cherith,  where  he  is  fed  by  ravens  bringing  food,  and 
drinks  from  the  brook.  When  the  brook  dries  up,  he  is 
sent  away  to  the  northwest,  and  finds  a  lodging-place  in 
the  home  of  a  widow  of  Zarei^hath.  Here  the  meal  and 
oil  are  replenished  as  fast  as  they  are  used,  so  that  the 
prophet  and  the  widow  and  her  son  are  sustained  during 
the  remainder  of  the  famine.     1  Kings  xvii. 

In  the  third  year  from  the  time  that  he  first  appeared 
before  Ahab,^  he  comes  again,  having  first  announced,, 
through  Obadiah,  a  court  official,  that  he  could  be  found, 
for  the  king  had  sought  him  far  and  wide.  At  the  meet- 
ing, Ahab  accuses  him  of  troubling  Israel.  Elijah  retorts 
that  it  is  the  king  who  is  the  real  troubler,  by  maintain- 
ing the  Baal  shrines ;  and  he  arranges  that  there  shall  be 
a  test  as  to  who  is  the  true  God,  before  a  representative 
assembly  of  the  people,  on  Mt.  Carmel.  The  prophet's 
grandeur  shines  out  in  this  memorable  contest.  The 
four  hundred  and  fifty  prophets  of  Baal  utterly  fail  to 
gain  a  sign  from  their  god,  but  at  the  simple  prayer  of 
Elijah,  the  fire  from  heaven  consumes  his  sacrifice  and 
even  the  altar,  and  licks  up  the  water  he  has  poured  over 
all.  Jehovah  is  again  acknowleged  by  the  people,  in 
word,  at  least;  and  the  prophets  of  Baal  are  slain. 
Then,  at  Elijah's  word,  after  his  earnest  prayer,  the 
longed-for  rain  comes.     1  Kings  xviii. 

But  Jezebel  is  furious,  and  the  prophet  flees  to  Mt. 
Horeb  or  Sinai.  In  his  dejection,  because  his  work  seems 
to  be  a  failure  as  far  as  fully  reforming  the  nation,  God 

iMacIntyre,  22. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        159 

shows  him  by  the  "still  small  voice"  (1  Kings  xix,  13), 
following  signs  of  violence,  that  the  process  of  reform 
must  be  gradual  and  by  less  dramatic  means.  Elisha  is 
to  be  anointed  as  his  successor;  Hazael,  king  over  Syria; 
Jehu,  king  over  Israel.  The  cause  is  not  lost:  an  ideal 
remnant,  even  seven  thousand,  will  remain  true  to  God 
in  Israel.  The  first  part  of  the  commission  is  at  once 
performed,  and  Elisha  leaves  the  plow  to  follow  the  great 
prophet.     1  Kings  xix. 

Elijah's  further  prophetic  acts  were  chiefly  the  re- Closing  Acts 
l)uke  of  Ahab  for  the  death  of  Naboth  and  seizing  of  his  ««dA«»n8ion, 
vineyard;  announcement  of  judgments  on  the  king  and 
his  house ;  and  reproof  of  Ahaziah,  son  and  successor  of 
Ahab,  and  prediction  of  his  death.  Then  came  the  final 
scenes  of  dividing  the  Jordan,  when  Elijah  and  Elisha 
passed  over,  and  of  the  prophet's  translation  by  the  chariot 
and  horses  of  fire.    1  Kings  xxi,  17-39;  2  Kings  i,  ii,  1-13. 

Elisha  presents  a  less  stirring  and  heroic  career,  yeteusha's 
he  nobly  continued  in  his  own  way  the  arreat  reform ""''®  ^"'®* 
movement  which  Elijah  had  begun.  His  miraculous  acts 
are  related  more  fully  to  the  quiet  scenes  of  the  homes  of 
the  people  and  the  communities  of  the  prophets:  such 
as  multiplying  the  oil  of  the  widow,  to  pay  her  debt; 
bringing  to  life  the  little  son  of  the  Shunammite  woman ; 
changing  the  poisonous  pottage  of  the  sons  of  the  proph- 
ets; and  healing  Naaman,  the  Syrian  captain,  of  his 
leprosy.     2  Kings  iv,  v. 

In  his  larger  services  to  the  nation,  he  gave  counsel  to  Services  t« 
King  Jehoram,  the  brother  of  Ahaziah,  concerning  the  ***•  ^"*'"'"' 
war  with  Mesha  of  Moab,  yet  more  for  the  sake  of 
Jehoshaphat,  king  of  Judah,  who  was  then  in  league  with 
Israel;  and  he  especially  helped  in  the  wars  of  the 
Northern  Kingdom  with  Syria.  The  time  then  came  when 
he  completed  the  commission  given  to  Elijah  at  Horeb, 
by  the  anointing  of  Hazael  king  over  Syria,  and  Jehu  king 
over  Israel.  The  age  was  one  of  violence,  and  both  of 
these  new  monarchs  obtained  their  kingdoms  by  bringing 


i6o         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

about  the  death  of  their  respective  kings.  Jehu's  work  of 
slaughter  was  much  wider,  for  it  included  Jezebel;  the 
whole  house  of  Ahab;  Ahaziah,  king  of  Judah,  and  forty- 
two  of  his  brethren  who  were  caught  in  the  kingdom  of 
Israel;  and  all  the  followers  of  Baal.  Many  years  of 
Elisha  pass  by  without  record,  and  finally,  in  the  reign 
of  Joash,  the  grandson  of  Jehu,  occur  the  interview  with 
the  young  king  and  the  death  of  the  aged  prophet.  2 
Kings  iii,  vi — x,  xiii. 
Period  of  the  The  prophetic  service  of  Elijah  and  Elisha  together 
two  Prophets,  ^j^j^gj.  ^j^g  period  from  about  860  to  797  B.  C,  the  depart- 
ure of  Elijah  occurring  about  852  B.  C. 


♦•Where  there  is  no  vision,  the  people  perish." 
The  preservation  of  the  higher  ideals  is  essential  to 
the  perpetuity  of  any  nation,  to  the  perpetuity  of 
our  own  nation.  The  propagation  and  exaltation 
of  these  ideals  is  the  distinctive  work  of  the 
prophet.  Prophecy  has  as  important  a  function  to- 
day as  it  ever  had.  "  W^ould  God  that  all  the  Lord's 
people  >vere  prophets!" 


STUDY  XX. — Second  Day.     Memory  "Verse,  1  Kings,  xviii,  21. 

Eead  1  Kings  xviii,  1-24.  It  will  be  seen  that  Jezebel 
is  the  real  promoter  of  Baal-worship,  and  that  Ahab,  in 
view  of  his  retention  of  Obadiah  over  his  household,  is 
open  to  influences  on  the  side  of  Jehovah's  cause.  Yet, 
since  he  is  merely  political  in  his  action,  he  is  without 
convictions,  and  can  be  swayed  in  any  direction  by  a 
stronger  force. 

Scripture  Outline. 

(1)  Life  of  Elijah,  1  Kings  xvii,  1—2  Kings  ii,  12. 

(2)  Life  of  Elisha,  1  Kings  xix,  16—2  Kings  xiii,  21. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        i6i 

STUDY  XX. — Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xviii,44. 

Eead  1  Kings  xviii,  25-46.  "The  figure  of  Elijah, 
standing  as  a  great  rock  against  the  drift  of  heathenism, 
impressed  itself  upon  the  imagination  of  later  genera- 
tions, and  became  a  restraining  conscience."* 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  Palestine  and  the  Sinaitic  Peninsula, 
and  mark  the  main  journeys  of  Elijah,  locating  Ramoth- 
gilead,  the  brook  Cherith,  Abel-meholah,  Zarephath, 
Mt.  Carmel,  Jezreel,  Samaria,  Mt.  Horeb,  Bethel,  and 
Jericho.  See  Maps  1,  2,  14,  in  text-book;  MacCoun,  II, 
Maps  73  and  90-^. 

STUDY  XX. — Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  1  Kings  xix,  18. 

Eead  1  Kings  xix.  Perhaps  the  best  view  of  the 
"seven  thousand"  Israelites  true  to  God,  mentioned  in 
the  Memory  Verse,  is  that  it  is  a  symbolical  number  for 
the  faithful  remnant  of  the  nation  that  will  be  found  in 
the  future.  The  R.  V.  reads,  "  Yet  will  I  leave  me  seven 
thousand,"  which  seems  to  point  to  the  future. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  276-291 ;  Ottley,  166-178 ;  Barnicott,  97-108 ;  Beards- 
lee,  65,  66;  Burney,  16,  17,  29,  39-43,  86,  87,  112;  Matheson,  I, 
304-348 ;  W.  B.  117-125 ;  Brown,  83-116 ;  Maclntyre,  entire. 

STUDY  XX — Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  ii,  9. 

Read  2  Kings  ii.  One  main  part  of  Elijah's  work  was 
to  create  a  disciple  like  Elisha.  It  was  something  new 
in  the  Old  Testament,  and  prepared  Elisha  rightly  to  lead 
the  schools  of  the  prophets. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 

Class-work. 

1.  God's  varied  instruments  for  revealing  and  performing 
his  will.  Gen.  vii,  1;  xii,  1;  xxviii,  13;  xli,  16;  Ex.  iii,  10; 
Judges  iv,  4,  6;  xvi,  1;  1  Kings  xix,  11,  12,  15,  16;  Isa.  vi,  8; 
Am,  iii,  7;  vi,  15;  Jonah  i,  1,  2;  Gal.  i,  15,  16. 

2  Maclntyre,  32. 
11 


i62         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


2.  The  strength  and  weakness  in  Elijah's  character  and 
method.    Blaikie,  285;  Matheson,  I,  304-323. 

8.  A  study  of  Baal-worship.  Blaikie,  276-278;  Ottley,  166; 
Bible  Diet. 

4.  Mt.  Carmel.     Blaikie,  278;   Calkin,  32;   Smith,  337-341. 

5.  Elisha's  points  of  likeness  and  difference  as  compared 
with  Elijah.     Burney,  86  ;  Maclntyre,  67-69. 

6.  The  schools  of  the  prophets  and  their  influence.  Blaikie, 
224,  283-285  ;  Ottley,  124, 171, 172 ;  Burney,  87  ;  Paterson,  61,  62 ; 
Salmond,  76-80. 

STUDY  XX.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  v,  13. 

Eead  2  Kings  v.  "One  of  the  sweetest  of  Bible 
stories,  whether  for  child  or  man,  is  that  of  the  proud 
Syrian  captain  and  the  little  Hebrew  maiden."*  Mr. 
Moody  well  says,  "  How  often  has  the  finger  of  childhood 
pointed  grown-up  persons  in  the  right  direction  ?" 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  "What  is  the  real  idea  in  the  work  of  a  pi'ophet?  See 
Narrative. 

2.  Did  Elijah  and  Elisha  leave  written  prophecies? 

3.  Against  what  great  evil  in  Israel  did  Elijah  strive  ? 

4.  Where  were  his  places  of  sojourn  during  the  famine  ? 

5.  What  great  lesson  did  he  learn  at  Mt.  Horeb? 

6.  What  two  men  were  called  to  kingly  authority  through 
Elisha? 

7.  Can  you  name  three  of  the  miraeies  of  Elisha? 

STUDY  XX.— Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  2  Kings  vi,  17. 
Eead  2  Kings  vi,  8-17. 

Personal  Thought. 

"And  he  saw:  and  behold,  the  mountain  was  full  of 
horses  and  chariots  of  fire  round  about  Elisha."  (2  Kings 
vi,  17.) 

Have  your  eyes  been  opened  to  see  the  Divine  forces 
on  the  side  of  right,  and  does  the  vision  make  you  strong? 

4  0reenhough,  in  W.  B.,  117, 118. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        163 


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PART  VII.— TWENTY-FIRST  "WEEK. 
AMOS  AND  no  SEA. 


STUDY  XXI. — First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Amos  iii,  3. 
Read  Amos  i,  1 ;  iii,  1-8. 

Narrative. 
The  Former  In  the  Hebrew  Bible,  the  books  of  Joshua,  Judges, 

and  the  Latter  gg^jj^^gi    .^^^^  Kings  are  called  the  Former  Prophets,  which 

Prophets.  '  °  it-  ,      ,  ,    ; 

shows  that  they  are  not  merely  history,  but  are  meant  to 
teach  lessons  of  God's  ways  of  dealing  with  his  people. 
Then  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  Ezekiel,  and  all  the  Minor 
Prophets,  counted  as  one  book  and  known  as  the  Book 
of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  make  up  the  Latter  Prophets. 
It  is  these  wonderful  writings,  together  with  the  books 
of  Lamentations  and  Daniel  from  the  third  division  of 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  that  now  remain  to  be  examined. 
AGreatReiig.  The  present  lesson  takes  up  two  writers,  Amos  and 
ious  Bra.  Hosea,  almost  always  studied  together,  because  they  both 
prophesied  in  the  Northern  Kingdom,  and  at  nearly  the 
same  time.  These  two  prophets,  perhaps  the  first  of  the 
literary  prophets,  or  those  who  reduced  their  utterances 
to  writing,  may  be  said  to  have  begun  a  new  era  in  the 
religious  life  of  the  world.  The  start  is  here  made  of 
that  great  stream  of  spiritual  thought  and  feeling  about 
God  and  man's  relation  to  him  that  has  come  straight 
down  to  the  present  time.  Elijah  and  Elisha  are  men 
really  far  removed  from  the  spirit  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury; but  Amos  and  Hosea  might  be  preachers  in  London 
or  New  York  to-day  and  not  be  out  of  place.  Hear 
Amos,  as  he  speaks  for  Jehovah:  "I  will  take  no  delight 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        165 

in  your  solemn  assemblies  .  .  .  woe  unto  them  that 
are  at  ease  in  Zion  .  .  .  that  lie  upon  beds  of  ivory, 
and  stretch  themselves  upon  their  couches,  that  sing  idle 
songs  to  the  sound  of  the  viol,  that  invent  for  themselves 
instruments  of  music  .  .  .  that  eat  lambs  out  of  the 
flock  and  calves  out  of  the  stall,  that  drink  wine  in 
bowls  ...  ye  trample  upon  the  poor.  .  .  .  Hate 
the  evil,  and  love  the  good,  and  establish  justice.  .  .  . 
Let  justice  roll  down  as  waters,  and  righteousness  as  a 
mighty  stream  "  (Amos  v,  vi).  Hosea  also  says,  "There 
is  naught  but  swearing  and  breaking  faith,  and  killing, 
and  stealing,  and  committing  adultery.  .  .  .  Turn  to 
thy  God:  keep  kindness  and  justice.  ...  I  drew 
them  with  bands  of  love.  ...  I  will  love  them 
freely."^  These  men  belong  to  the  modern  world,  because 
their  ideas  are  modern.  The  great  key-word  for  Amos  is 
righteousness,  and  for  Hosea,  love,  or  lovingkindness ; 
and  they  meant  by  these  just  what  a  Christian  thinker 
and  reformer  would  mean  to-day.  The  sins  of  their 
time,  the  problems  that  pressed  upon  their  hearts,  were 
like  those  of  which  the  pulpit  and  the  platform  are 
moved  to  speak  now. 

If  the  early  years  are  traced  of  many  of  the  best  ood's  Nurture 
spiritual  leaders  of  America,  Great  Britain,  or  Europe,  "*  Leaders. 
it  will  be  found  that  they  come  from  quiet  country 
places,  or  often  from  rough  pioneer  conditions,  or  they 
have  passed  through  some  deep  heart-testings,  that  have 
brought  out  the  finest  gold  of  character.  So  it  may  be 
with  a  Pastor  Charles  "Wagner,  a  Campbell  Morgan,  a 
Jacob  Eiis ;  and  so  it  was  with  Amos  and  Hosea. 

Amos  was  a  man  of  Tekoa,  a  town  of  Judah,  about  The  Brave 
six  miles  south  of  Bethlehem.     He  was  a  herdsman,  and  p*^ph^"oi* 
gatherer  or  "dresser"  of  the  fruit  of  the  sycomore-tree Tekoa. 
(Amos  vii,  15).     This  is  described  as  "a  harsh  fig,  only 
eaten  by  very  poor  people,  which  needed  to  be  pinched 
to  ripen."     His  flock  of  sheep  also  were  of  a  curious 

iHosea  Iv,  2;  xli,  6;  xl,  4;  xiv,  4. 


i66         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

breed,  as  the  name  indicates:  ugly,  short  in  the  face, 
but  yielding  excellent  wool.''  From  these  meager  sur- 
roundings in  the  bleak,  rocky  hill-country  of  Judah, 
Amos,  under  the  call  of  God,  went  to  Bethel,  the  relig- 
ious capital  of  the  Northern  Kingdom.  It  would  be  an 
im usual  thing  to  see  a  humble  shepherd  from  the  edge 
of  the  wilderness  of  Judah,  standing  in  the  proud  relig- 
ious center  of  the  rival  kingdom  of  Israel,  and  proclaim- 
ing such  a  stern,  searching  message  as  that  of  Amos. 
The  high-priest,  Amaziah,  having  charge  of  the  calf- 
worship  at  Bethel,  even  sends  an  accusing  report  to 
King  Jeroboam  II  about  the  utterances  of  Amos,  and 
urges  the  prophet  to  go  back  to  his  own  territory  and 
prophesy  there,  but  not  to  prophesy  any  more  at  Bethel, 
because  it  is  "the  king's  sanctuary"  and  "a  royal 
house"  (Amos  vii,  10-12).  How  brave  then  was  this  soul 
that  could  stand  firmly  upon  the  word  of  Jehovah,  "Go, 
prophesy  unto  my  people  Israel,"  and  faithfully  carry  out 
his  mission!  This  apparently  he  did,  and  probably 
afterward  returned  to  Tekoa,  where  he  wrote  out  his 
lirophecy  as  the  book  which  is  now  in  the  Bible.  The 
date  of  his  spoken  prophecy  is  about  755  B.  C. 
Ho«ea  amid  Hosea's  prophetic  work  in  Israel  comes  a  little  later 

than  that  of  Amos,  and  probably  covers  the  years 
from  about  750  to  735,  B.  C/  He  began  his  public 
service  in  the  last  years  of  Jeroboam  II,  and  his 
later  work  extends  on  into  the  reign  of  Menahem,  or,  it 
may  be,  into  that  of  Pekah.  Thus  he  witnessed,  first,  the 
evils  that  came  with  the  prosperity,  riches,  and  luxury 
that  abounded  in  the  time  of  Jeroboam;  and,  then,  the 
the  restless  disorder  and  dissipation  that  seized  the 
people,  when,  after  Jeroboam's  long  and  generally  quiet 
reign  of  forty-one  years,  two  kings,  Zachariah  and 
Shallum,  were   assassinated  within   seven   months,  and 

2  Men  of  the  Old  Testament.    (Solomon  to  Jonah,  1904),  267. 

3 On  dates  and  other  points,  see  Ottley  (H.  P.),  24,  25;  Beardslee 
95;  Klrkpatrlck,  92,  93;  Smith,  The  Book  of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  I,  66' 
150,  218;  N.  C.  B.,  (Minor  Prophets),  I,  10. 


Gvlls  in  Israel. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        167 


Menahem,  gaining  the  throne  by  slaughter,  held  it  by 
becoming  the  vassal  of  Assyria. 

But  far  more  than  these  outward  revolutions,  the  His  Home 
tragedy  in  his  own  home  unfolds  the  character  of  Hosea,  '*'"8***y' 
for  it  is  thought  that  his  wife,  the  mother  of  his  three 
children,  became  unfaithful,  and  then  went  on  in  her 
wretched  course  till  she  became  a  slave,  and  that  the 
prophet,  in  unparalleled  love  and  tenderness,  bought  her 
and  took  her  back.  Through  his  own  experience,  he 
sees  religious  truth  in  a  new  light;  and  he  shows  that 
God  loves  his  people  with  the  warmth  and  devotion  of  a 
husband.  But  the  feasting,  drunkenness,  and  gross  im- 
morality that  went  on  in  Israel  at  that  time  under  the 
name  of  the  worship  of  Jehovah,  he  points  out  is  no 
better  than  Baal-worship,  for,  like  that,  it  is  simply 
pleasure-worship.  Israel,  in  following  it,  has  become  an 
unfaithful  wife,  but  God  in  his  love  would  win  her  back. 
Thus  Hosea  pictures  the  love  of  God  with  a  tenderness 
and  compassion  not  found  in  any  other  Old  Testament 
writer. 


Baxter,  nearer  to  our  times  than  -were  Amos  and 
Hosea,  gives  voice  to  their  high  purpose  in  familiar 
but  flaming  words: 

"I  preached,  as  never  sure  to  preach  again, 
And  as  a  dying  man  to  dying  men." 


STUDY  XXI. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Amos  v,  24. 

Read  Amos  v,  21-27.  Says  Dr.  George  Adam  Smith, 
"  The  Book  of  Amos  opens  one  of  the  greatest  stages  in 
the  religious  development  of  mankind."  Not  ritual,  but 
right  conduct  is  what  God  now  asks  through  the  prophet. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Amos:  (1)  The  gi*eat  accusation,  i,  11;  (2)  Israel's  sin  and 
punishment,  iii — vi ;  (3)  Five  visions  of  judgments,  with  inter- 
ludes, vii — ix. 


i68         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Hosea:  (1)  The  prophet's  domestic  experiences  reflecting 
the  rehitions  between  God  and  Israel,  i — iii ;  (2)  Prophetic 
teachings  after  King  Jeroboam's  death,  iv — xiv. 

STUDY  XXI.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Amos  Ti,  1   (first 

clause) . 

Eead  Amos  vi,  1-7.  The  searching  words  of  the 
prophetin  the  Memory  clause,  "Woe  to  them  that  are  at 
ease  in  Zion,"  and  then  his  many  points  showing  how 
the  people  gave  themselves  up  to  self-indulgence,  should 
lead  now  to  very  close  inspection  of  one's  life  by  every 
Christian. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  Central  Palestine,  and  locate  Tekoa, 
Jerusalem,  aiid  Bethel;  and  mark  the  course  of  Amos 
from  Tekoa  to  Bethel  and  return.  See  Map  14  in  text- 
book; Blaikie,  Map  8;  MacCoun,  II,  54,  55,  and  Map  96. 

STUDY  XXi.— Fourth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Amos  vii,  15. 

Read  Amos  vii,  10-17.  The  prophet  here,  with  noble 
frankness  and  dignity,  states  to  Amaziah  the  simple  life 
from  which  he  comes  (vs.  14,  15), — an  earlier  scene  of 
man  or  prophet  before  priestly  accuser,  like  Christ  before 
Annas  (John  xx,  19-23),  or  Luther  before  a  later 
tribunal. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  295,  296;  Ottley,  183-190;  Barnicott,  129-131; 
Beardslee,  95-99,  103-107;  Burney,  6,  25,  28,  46,  49,  70-100; 
Ottley  (H.  P.),  17-30;   Kirkpatrick,  81-142. 

STUDY  XXI.— Fifth  Day.       Memory  Verse,  Hosea  ii,  19. 

Read  Hosea  ii,  16-20.  Hosea  was  doubtless  a  native  of 
the  Northern  Kingdom,  where  he  prophesied,  and  he 
therefore  ever  speaks  of  his  people  with  deep  sympathy. 
He  here  represents  God  as  saying  that  Israel  will  no  more 
call  Him  "Baali,"  which  means  "My  Master,"  but 
"Ishi,"  "My  Husband"  (vs.  16).     Then,  in  verse  19, 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        169 

after  the  words  "righteousness"  and  "justice,"  which 
are  the  key-notes  of  Amos,  he  uses  "  lovingkindness " 
and  "mercies,"  which  are  the  key-notes  of  his  own  pro- 
phetic work. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Glass-work. 

1.  God  uniting  judgment  and  mercy,  or  righteousness  and 
lovingkindness.  Gen.  xviii.  24-26;  Ex.  xv,  11-13;  xxxiv,  6,  7; 
Psa.  Ixxxv,  10;  Ixxxix,  14;  cxix,  75-77 ;  Jer.  ix,24;  Hosea,  ii, 
19  ;  Amos  v,  15. 

2.  Amos,  a  simple,  rugged  prophet,  like  John  the  Baptist. 
Beardslee,  104-107;  Burney,  87,  89;  Ottley  (H.  P.),  20,  21; 
Adams,  27-29;    N.  0.  B.  (Minor  Prophets),  I,  119,  120. 

3.  A  study  of  shepherd  life,  especially  in  the  wnlderness  of 
Judea.  Kirkpatrick,  90,  92;  Smith,  311,  315,  and  his  Book  of  the 
Twelve  Prophets,  78-88. 

4.  Houses  of  the  wealthy  in  ancient  Israel,  and  their  fur- 
nishings.   Blaikie,  327  ;  Bib.  Diet. 

5.  A  brief  imaginative  and  dramatic  sketch  of  the  life-story 
of  Hosea.     Adams,  34-39  ;   Kirkpatrick,  119-128. 

6.  Growth  in  the  portrayal  of  Divine  love  in  the  Bible. 
Blaikie,  295,  296;   Burney,  72-74. 

STUDY  XXI.— Sixth  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Hosea  x,  12. 

Read  Hosea  xi,  8-11.  The  Memory  Verse  contains 
the  secret  of  every  true  revival.  The  first  verse  to  be 
read  presents  one  of  Hosea's  most  touching  illustrations. 
"Nothing  can  be  more  plaintive  or  affecting  than  this 
passage,  where  God  is  represented  as  not  knowing  how 
he  shall  be  able  to  execute  on  Ephraim  the  fierceness  of 
his  v/rath."* 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  What  Old  Testament  books  in  the  Hebrew  Bible  are 
counted  as  the  Former  Prophets?     See  Narrative. 

2.  Which  are  known  as  the  Latter  Prophets? 

3.  Why  are  Amos  and  Hosea  usually  placed  together? 

4.  Of  which  Kingdom  was  Amos  a  native? 

5.  Whei*e  did  he  deliver  his  prophecy? 

6.  What  is  his  key-word? 

7.  What  is  the  key-woi-d  of  Kosea? 

3  Blaikie,  296. 


170         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

STUDY  XXI.— Seventh  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Hosea  xiv,  8. 

Read  Hosea  xiv,  4-9.  On  the  words,  *'  H«  shall  .  .  . 
cast  forth  his  roots  like  Lebanon"  (vs.  5),  Dr.  Horton 
says  (N.  C.  B.):  "To  be  like  this  deep-rooted,  steadfast, 
far-seen,  and  much-loved  mountain  were  better  than  to 
be  like  the  fairest  of  its  flowers  and  the  stateliest  of  its 
trees." 

Personal  Thought. 

"  Seek  good,  .  .  .  and  so  Jehovah  will  be  with 
you."     (Amos  v,  14.) 

"I  desire  goodness,  and  not  sacrifice."  (Hosea 
vi,  6.) 

What  is  the  spirit  of  my  Christian  life  ?  Am  I  satis- 
fied with  Church  membership,  attendance  at  public  serv- 
ices, and  other  external  duties  ?  Or  is  my  heart  genuinely 
enlisted  in  being  good? 


PART  VII.— TWENTY-SECOND  "WEEK. 

MICAH  AND  ISAIAH. 

STUDY  XXII.— First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Micah  iv,  3. 
Read  Micah  iv,  1-5. 

Narrative. 

As  the  two  prophets,  Amos  and  Hosea,  in  the  North-  Kindred 
ern   Kingdom,  have   been  shown  in  the  last  lesson  ^o^^°J'^^ 
belong  together,  so  two  prophets  in  the  Southern  King- 
dom, Micah  and  Isaiah,  are  found  to  be  even  more  closely 
united  in  date  and  in  the  spirit  of  their  work. 

Of  these  two,  Micah  is  to  be  thought  of  as  the  younger  a  seer  from 
man,  and  far  more  humble  in  his  birth  and  place  of  resi-**'*®''*^''*''''''* 
dence.  He  is  called  "The  Morashtite,"  and  was  thus 
a  plain  countryman,  a  native  of  the  little  village  of 
Moresheth-gath  in  the  Shephelah,  or  low  hills,  about 
twenty  miles  southwest  of  Jerusalem.  His  prophecy  is 
placed  "in  the  days  of  Jotham,  Ahaz,  and  Hezekiah, 
kings  of  Judah,"  and  as  being  concerned  with  "  Samaria 
and  Jerusalem,"  which  would  mean  that  it  had  in  view 
both  Israel  and  Judah,  but  probably  related  chiefly  to 
the  latter  kingdom.     Micah  i,  1,  14. 

Micah's  prophecy  against  Samaria,  which  is  suggested  Fateful  Hours 
in  the  first  chapter,  was  probably  given  about  the  time  of  ^^''^'^ j^"^"„ 
the  fall  of  the  Northern  Kingdom  in  732  B.  C  When 
Samaria's  fate  showed  how  truly  his  words  had  been 
Divinely  directed,  it  may  have  lent  all  the  more  force  to 
his  utterances  concerning  Judah.  Kirkpatrick  says: 
"  We  may  imagine  him  appearing  in  the  temple  courts, 
upon  some  public  occasion  of  fast  or  festival,  when  the 
people   from   every  part   of    Judah   were   assembled   at 

1  Smith,  The  Book  of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  I,  862;  N.  C.  B.  (Minor 
Prophets),  I,  221. 

171 


172 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Mlcah  Inspir 
ing  Reform. 


Jerusalem,  and  there,  in  the  presence  of  king,  priests, 
and  people,  delivering  his  message.  We  can  picture  tlie 
amazement,  succeeded  by  fury,  v/ith  which  venal  judges 
and  corrupt  priests  and  hireling  prophets  listened  to  the 
words  of  one  whom,  no  doubt,  they  branded  as  a  fanatic 
enthusiast.'"' 

But  Jeremiah's  record  (Jer.  xxvi,  17-19)  shows  that 
Micah,  the  humble  villager,  by  his  bold  and  faithfuj 
words  inspired  King  Hezekiah's  great  reform.'  Very 
searching  are  his  prophecies  against  the  oppression  and 
ruin  of  the  poor  peasantry  by  the  rich  landowners,  who 
add  farm  to  farm,  and  house  to  house;  and  he  declares 
that  God  will  overwhelm  in  darkness  the  false  j^rophets  or 
preachers  who  side  with  these  heartless  devourers  of  the 
people.  He  shows  that,  through  exactions,  the  leaders 
are  even  building  up  Zion  "with  blood"  and  Jerusalem 
"with  iniquity,"  and  that  Zion,  therefore,  for  their  sake, 
"shall  be  plowed  as  a  field,  and  Jerusalem  shall  become 
heaps."     Micah  ii,  iii. 

But  beyond  these  and  other  Divine  judgments,  Micah 
sees  and  declares  grand  steps  of  future  redemption. 
"  The  mountain  of  Jehovah's  house  shall  be  established 
on  the  top  of  the  mountains;"  that  is,  in  the  most 
exalted  way  in  the  Jewish  capital,  and  then  many 
nations  shall  come,  seeking  for  spiritual  life  and  light, 
"for  out  of  Zion  shall  go  forth  the  law,  and  the  word  of 
Jehovah  from  Jerusalem;"  and  having  accepted  God's 
gracious  decision  and  come  into  concord,  ''they  shall 
beat  their  swords  into  plowshares,  and  their  spears  into 
pruning-hooks "  (Micah  iv,  1-4).  Other  assurances  of 
Divine  regard  and  care  fill  the  last  chapters. 

Still    more    distinctly   and   wonderfully  does   Micah 

Coming  Qiory.  prophesy  of  a  coming  Kedeemer.    "  But  thou  Bethleliem 

Ephrathah,  which  art  little  to  be  among  the  thousands  of 

Judah,  out  of  these  shall  one  come  forth  unto  me  that  is 


Outlooks  of 
Redemption 
an4  Peace. 


Bethlehem's 


2  Klrkpatrlck,  209.    See,  also,  N.  C.  B.  (Minor  Prophets),  I,  225. 
SOttlcy,  197;  Hust.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "  Hezeltiali." 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        173 

to  be  ruler  in  Israel.  .  .  .  Now  shall  he  be  great 
unto  the  ends  of  the  earth.  And  this  man  shall  be  our 
peace"  (v,  2,  5).     Micah  iv — vii. 

Micah's  ministry  touches  the  reigns  of  the  three  kings  isaiah,  Prince 
named  at  the  beginning  of  this  Study,  and  covers  prob-  ■'"'•"s  Proph- 
ably  about  thirty-five  years.  The  career  of  Isaiah,  the 
greatest  of  the  Old  Testament  prophets,  began  in  the 
reign  of  Uzziah;  but  as  the  chronology  seems  to  require 
a  co-regency,  the  public  work  of  Isaiah  may  not  have 
opened  much  earlier  than  that  of  Micah,  though  it  may 
have  run  later.  If  the  dates  for  Micah's  work  are,  per- 
haps, about  736  to  700  B.  C,  those  of  Isaiah's  may  be 
about  738  to  698  B.  C*  Also,  in  contrast  with  Micah, 
Isaiah  is  a  man  of  high  birth  and  station,  a  native  of 
Jerusalem,  a  statesman  in  touch  with  kings  and  nobles, 
an  orator,  poet,  and  theologian.^ 

But  in  their  prophetic  ideals  the  two  men  are  kindred  social  ideals 

spirits.     Isaiah,  equally  with  Micah,  has  a  noble  zeal  f or  ^*"'''**"'^ 
^    .  .  Enforced. 

social  reform ;  and  ho  is  not  afraid  of  any  person  or  class 

that  stands  in  the  way  of  it,  whether  king  or  priests  or 

nobles  or  elders  or  landholders  or  proud,  drunken  rioters 

or  great  ladies  of  Jerusalem,  with  the  amazing  array  of 

their  items  of  dress  and  luxury.     Isa.  i — v. 

He  has  splendid  visions  of  the  majesty  and  holiness  of  The  Saving 

God ;  of  the  saving  remnant  that  is  to  be  sifted  out  and  Re™"""*  "»<• 
.  "  Immanuel." 

developed   into    the    true    Israel  of   the  future;    of   the 

representative  of  Jehovah's  redeeming  power  and  salva- 
tion, coming  as  a  child,  "Immanuel,"  .  .  .  "Won- 
derful, Counsellor,  Mighty  God,  Everlasting  Father, 
Prince  of  Peace."     Isa.  vi — xii. 

Then    as   a   watchman    and    statesman,   viewing   the  stateaman 
movements  of   the   peoples   and   nations,  and   standing  ^■**"*''P' 
heroically  for  the  deliverance  of  Jerusalem  through  the 


41sa.  1,  1;  Ottley  (H.  P.),  30,  38;  Kirkpatrlck,  533;  Driver  (Isa.), 
lS-17,  66-83,  106;  Smith,  The  Book  of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  I,  362-367;  and 
The  Book  of  Isaiah,  I,  x— xii,  453,  454. 

6 Driver  (Isa.),  1-4,  107-116;   Kirkpatrick,  144-147. 


174         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

great  seasons  of  peril  from  Assyria,  tlie  prophet  rises  to 
unexampled  heights  of  leadership,  both  for  his  country 
and  mankind.     Isa.  xiii — xxiii,  xxviii — xxxix. 
Later  Many  scholars,  who  are  careful  and  reverent  in  their 

Chapters.  relation  to  the  Bible,  regard  it  as  probable  that  chapters 
xl — ^Ixvi  of  the  Book  of  Isaiah  were  written  by  a  remark- 
ably sensitive  and  spiritual  prophet,  toward  the  close  of 
the  exile,  and  that  in  some  way  this  work,  among  the 
most  precious  and  inspired  portions  of  the  entire  Scrip- 
tures, came  to  be  joined  with  the  prophecies  of  Isaiah. 
In  their  view,  the  circumstance  that  the  name  of  the 
author  has  been  lost  in  no  way  lessens  the  inspiration  and 
authority  of  this  great  prophecy.     Isa.  xl — Ixvi. 


'•  Speaking  the  truth  in  love."  This  is  the  true 
model  for  him  who  speaks  in  behalf  of  God, — to  the 
end  of  time. 


STUDY  XXII. — Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Mieah  vi,  8. 

Read  Micah  v,  2-5;  vi,  6-8.  On  the  Memory  Verse, 
Kirkpatrick  observes:  "In  this  simple  but  comprehen- 
sive summary  of  man's  duty  to  his  neighbor  and  to  God, 
Micah  takes  up  and  combines  the  teaching  of  his  prede- 
cessors and  his  great  contemporary.  Amos  had  insisted 
upon  the  paramount  necessity  of  civil  justice:  Hosea  had 
complained  that  it  was  not  sacrifice,  but  lovingkindness 
-that  God  desired:  one  of  the  prominent  doctrines  of 
Isaiah  was  the  majesty  of  Jehovah,  to  which  reverent 
humility  on  man's  part  is  the  fitting  correlative."® 

Scripture  Outline. 

Micah :  (1)  Prophetic  threatenings,  i — iii ;  (2)  Future  res- 
toration, iv,  v;  (3)  God's  true  standards,  vi,  vii. 

Isaiah:  (1)  Sins  of  the  chosen  people,  and  Divine  steps  for 
salvation,  i — xii ;    (2)  Oi-acles  on   foreign    nations,  xiii — xxiii; 

6  Kirkpatrick,  226,  227. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        175 


(3)  Tribulation  and  redemption,  xxiv— xxvii ;  (4)  Warnings 
and  deliverance,  xxviii — xxxix ;  (5)  Comfort  and  restoration, 
xl — Ixvi. 

STUDY  XXII.— Third  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Isa.  v,  4. 

Eead  Isa.  v,  1-12.  After  the  touching  parable  of  the 
vineyard,  the  prophet  shows  two  chief  forms  of  Israel's 
failure — the  land-sin  and  the  driuk-sin.  In  every  age, 
they  are  the  dangers  in  times  of  prosperity. 


'BETH-LE 
APHRAH? 

■  ZAANANo\ 
'BlTH-EZEL/' 

LACHI5H^~ 


M t .  Carm el )  ^Pproac/l  tO  Jerasak/n 
RAMAH    JoNlCHMASH 


'oADULLAM 
^y^^  MORESHETH-GATH 
y    MARE5HAH 


Micah  2,S-/S,  picturing  Assyrian 
approach   to  KJerasaiem 

Map  17.    Assyrian  Peril  of  Jerusalem. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  map  of  the  Holy  Land,  and  show  the  towns 
which  mark  the  stages  of  Assyrian  approach  toward  Jeru- 
salem, as  thought  of  (1)  by  Micah  i,  9-15;  (2)  by  Isa.  x, 
24-34.''  See  Map  17  in  text-book;  MacOoun,  II,  54-59. 
and  Maps  97-100. 

STUDY  XXII.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Isa.  ix,  6. 

Eead    Isa.    ix,    1-12.      The    Syro-Ephraimite   league 

against  Judah  and  King  Ahaz's  faithless  attitude  about 

it  kindle   gradually,  through   chapters  vii — ix,  Isaiah's 

idea  of  the  Messiah,  unfolding  from  a  "child"  to  the 

"Mighty  God"  (Isa.  vii,  14-16;   ix,  6). 

7  See  a  fine  study  of  these  lists  in  Smith,  The  Book  of  the  Twelve 
Prophets,  I,  375-885. 


176         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  316,  317;  Ottley,  183-186,  193-206;  Barnicott,  131, 
132;  Beardslee,  70-82,  114-117;  Burney,  7-26,  70-90,  100-105, 
121;  Matheson,  II,  26&-287 ;  Price,  165-234;  Ottley  (H.  P.), 
30-43;   Kirkpatrick,  143-235,  351-410;   Driver  (Isa.),  entire. 

STUDY  XXn.— Fifth  Day.  Memory  Verses,  Isa.  xxxvii,  22, 23. 
Eead  Isa.  xxxvii,  21-29.  This  is  one  of  the  sublime 
scenes  of  faith  in  the  history  of  the  world.  Well  does 
Ottley  say,  "It  is  unquestionable  that,  if  the  existence 
of  the  kingdom  of  Judah  was  prolonged  for  yet  another 
century  and  a  half,  this  result  was  mainly  due  to  the 
energy  and  foresight  of  Isaiah."®  What  a  tribute  to  the 
influence  of  one  man,  standing  firmly  with  God! 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God's  redeeming  sacrifice  and  constant  love.  Deut.  xv, 
15;   2  Sam.  vii,  23;   Job  xix,  25,  26;   Psa.  xxxiv,  22;   Hosea  xi, 

I,  4 ;  Micah  vi,  4 ;  Isa.  xliii,  1 ;  xlix,  15, 16  ;  liii,  5 ;  John  iii,  16  ; 
Eom.  viii,  38,  39. 

2.  A  study  of  land  tenure  among  the  Hebrews  as  bearing 
on  social  problems  to-day.  McCurdy,  History,  Prophecy,  and  the 
Monuments,  I,  55;   Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  IV,  325,  326;   Bib.  Ency., 

II,  1049. 

3.  The  drink  evil.  Has  progress  been  made  against  it  since 
the  times  of  Micah  and  Isaiah?  Ifa.  v,  11,  12,  22,  23;  Blaikie, 
327. 

4.  Sketch  an  imaginary  scene  of  Isaiah  hearing  Micah 
prophesy  in  Jerusalem,  and  the  two  men  conferring  together. 
Kirkpatrick,  207-210;   Adams,  41. 

5.  A  brief  analysis  of  the  varied  genius  of  Isaiah.  Blaikie, 
316,  317;  Ottley,  193,  194;  Beardslee,  71;  Matheson,  II,  268- 
277;  Driver  (Isa.)  107-116. 

6.  Articles  of  woman's  dress,  adornment,  and  luxury  in  the 
time  of  Isaiah.  Isa.  iii,  16-23;  Blaikie,  327,  328;  Kirkpatrick, 
156. 

7.  The  Messiah  and  Servant  of  Jehovah  in  the  prophecies  of 
Micah  and  Isaiah.  Blaikie,  316, 317 ;  Beardslee,  76, 117 ;  Burney, 
101-105,  112-115;  Matheson,  II,  277-285. 

8  ottley,  194. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        177 

STUDY  XXII.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Vei-se,  Isa.  xl,  1. 

Read  Isa.  xl.  It  would  be  well  to  commit  to  memory 
verses  1-17,  27-31,  of  this  wonderful  chapter. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  Why  are  Micah  and  Isaiah  placed  together  ?  See  Narra- 
tive. 

2.  Can  you  briefly  describe  the  man,  Micah,  and  his  work? 

3.  What  was  his  effect  on  Hezekiah? 

4.  What  is  his  special  prediction  relating  to  Christ? 

5.  About  what  are  the  dates  for  the  work  of  Micah  and 
Isaiah? 

6.  In  what  directions  does  Isaiah  show  his  genius? 

7.  What  gi'eat  spiritual  ideas  are  brought  out  in  Isaiah 
xl — Ixvi. 

STUDY  XXII.— Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Isa.  liii,  5. 

Read  Isa.  liii.  This  is,  perhaps,  the  most  sacred 
chapter  in  the  Old  Testament,  because  of  its  lifelike 
picture  of  the  atoning  Christ. 

Personal  Thought. 

*'As  one  from  whom  men  hide  their  face  he  was  de- 
spised; and  we  esteemed  him  not."     (Isa.  liii,  3.) 

Am  I  still  despising  the  Christ  and  esteeming  him 
not,  or  have  I  opened  the  way  to  him  into  my  will  and 
life? 


12 


PABT  Vn— TWENTY-THIRD  -WEEK. 
JEREMIAH  AND  EZEKIEL. 


STUDY  XXI II. —First  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Jer.  i,  10. 
Read  Jer.  i. 

Narrative. 

Two  Priest-  According  to  a  Jewish  tradition  given  by  Josephus, 

Prophets.  Isaiah  was  put  to  death  in  the  opening  of  the  reign  of 
the  wicked  Manasseh,  son  of  Hezekiah,  by  being  sawn 
asunder.  In  any  case,  his  ministry  ended  probably 
about  697  B.  C.  Seventy  years  then  pass  by  before 
another  great  era  of  prophetic  work  begins;  and  when  it 
dawns,  the  nation  is  in  the  midst  of  the  reign  of  Josiah, 
and  not  far  from  the  opening  of  the  reform  which  he 
sought  to  accomplish.  Again,  two  notable  prophets  can 
be  linked  together,  for  Ezekiel  doubtless  knew  Jeremiah, 
and  can  almost  be  called  his  disciple.'  Both  were  priest- 
prophets. 
j«remiah.  Jeremiah  was  the  prophet  of  Judah's  fall.    His  father's 

?^*L?''i*n°*name  was  Hilkiah.     But  he  is  not  considered  to  be  the 

Jadah's  Pall. 

high-priest  of  that  name  who  found  the  roll  of  the  law 

in  the  temple  in  Josiah 's  time.  The  family  lived  at  a 
village,  Anathoth,  two  and  one-half  miles  northeast  of 
Jerusalem,  and  one  of  those  assigned  to  the  sons  of 
Aaron.  Jeremiah's  call  came  to  him  in  the  thirteenth 
year  of  Josiah's  reign  (Jer.  i,  2).  It  found  him  a  young 
man  of  a  peculiarly  timid  and  sensitive  nature,  having 
the  most  profound  and  passionate  love  for  his  people, 
and  yet  placed  in  God's  providence  where  he  must  be  a 
prophet,  announcing,  during  most  of  his  long  career,  the 
certain  doom  of  his  nation,  and  the  destruction  of  Jeru- 
salem and  the  temple.     Jer.  i. 

lOttley  (H.  p.),  52,  53,  63;  Klrkpatrlck,  834;   Harvey-JelUe,  16,  16. 
178 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        179 

Like  another  Paul,  he  gave  up  family  joys,  feeling  compari«on 
that  God  said  to  him  that  he  was  not  to  take  a  wife ;  ^'*'*  **■"'• 
nor  would  he,  as  others,  enter  into  social  pleasures  (xvi, 
2;  XV,  17),  but  consecrated  himself  to  his  one  great 
work  as  a  prophet  to  the  nations.  In  his  persecutions 
and  tribulations,  he  also  approaches  the  record  of  the 
apostle  to  the  Gentiles,  and  like  him  he  could  say  at  the 
close,  "I  have  fought  the  good  fight,  I  have  finished  the 
course,  I  have  kept  the  faith  "  (2  Tim.  iv,  7). 

From  about  626  to  608  B.  C,  Jeremiah's  prophecies  under  Josiah. 
were  in  the  reign  of  Josiah.  It  seems  strange  to  find  no 
record  that  he  was  connected  with  this  king's  reform 
movement.  Perhaps  he  was  too  little  known  as  yet  to 
be  consulted,  or,  on  his  part,  the  Divine  Spirit  made  it 
clear  that  any  such  outward  effort  could  not  change  the 
hearts  of  the  people.  So  in  his  early  discourses  he  faith- 
fully points  out  the  backslidings  and  evil  ways  of  his 
countrymen,  and  warns  them  especially  by  a  terrible 
danger  from  the  north  (i,  1-i;  vi,  1,  22,  23).  This  may 
mean  the  Scythians,  who  had  swept  around  Judah  not 
long  before,  or  the  Chaldeans,^  not  recognized  by  him  as 
yet  by  name,  but  who,  after  the  battle  of  Carchemish  in 
the  north  in  605  B.  C,  loomed  large  in  his  vision,  and 
were  named  again  and  again.  About  621  B.  C,  or  five 
years  after  Jeremiah's  call,  Josiah's  reform  came,  and 
probably  about  this  time  may  be  placed  chapters  xi  and 
xii  of  Jeremiah,  and  it  seems  that  the  men  of  Anathoth 
had  turned  against  the  prophet  so  he  had  to  forsake  his 
native  place  (xi,  18-23).     Jer.  ii — vi,  xi,  xii. 

Josiah  was  slain  at  the  battle  of  Megiddo,  608  B.  C,  tinder 
and  Jehoahaz  was  sent  by  Pharaoh  Necho  to  Egypt,  who 
then  placed  Jehoiakim  on  the  throne.     He  it  was  who 
cut  the  prophetic  roll  of  Jeremiah,  consisting  of  about 
the  first  twenty  chapters  of  the  present  book,  into  pieces, 


2  This  Is  the  teiin  used  by  the  prophets,  as  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  Bze- 
klel,  Habakkuk,  for  the  New  Babylonian  or  Chaldean  Empire,  the 
power  of  which  was  established  chiefly  by  Nebuchadnezzar. 


i8o 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Toward  aad 
during^  the 
Siege. 


and  burned  them.  Because  of  his  utterances  about 
Jerusalem  and  the  temple,  the  prophet  was  assailed  by 
the  false  prophets  and  priests,  but  the  people  and  princes 
were  won  to  his  side  (vii,  xxvi).  Yet,  as  he  continued 
to  present  his  message  in  more  and  more  pointed  form 
and  symbol,  the  crisis  was  reached  when  he  was  seized, 
scourged  with  thirty-nine  stripes,  and  put  in  the  stocks 
all  day  and  night.  But  now  the  westward  advances  of 
Babylon  began  to  vindicate  the  prophet.  Jer.  vii,  xxvi, 
viii — X,  xiii — xxi,  xxv,  xxxv,  xxxvi,  xlv — ^li. 

Jehoiakim,  the  base  king,  probably  perished  in  597 
B.  C,  according  to  the  word  of  Jeremiah.  In  the  same 
year,  after  reigning  three  months,  Jehoiachin  was  de- 
posed by  Nebuchadnezzar  and  taken  to  Babylon,  together 
with  ten  thousand  (male)  captives  of  Judah,  among  them 
Ezekiel.  The  weak  and  troubled  reign  of  Zedekiah  cov- 
ered the  last  stage  of  Judah's  history  before  the  fall  of 
the  capital  in  586  B.  C.  Jeremiah  earnestly  sought  the 
good  of  his  people,  both  in  Palestine  and  Babylon,  during 
these  years.  This  period  brought  insult  from  the  false 
prophet,  Hananiah,  but  also  his  speedy  death.  Then 
came  Jeremiah's  final  imprisonments  in  dungeon,  slimy 
pit,  and  guards'  court  during  the  siege.  Jer.  xxii,  20 — 
xxiv;  xxvi — xxxiv;  xxxvii — xxxix,  10;  lii. 

After  the   fall  of   Jerusalem,    Jeremiah   was   set  at 

Closing  Days,  liberty  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  but  a  remnant  of  the  Jews 

soon  carried  him  down  to  Egypt.     Even  there  he  still 

bore  faithful  testimony  for  God  among  the  exiles  of  his 

race,  and  tradition  says  that,   like   Stephen,   whom  he 

somewhat  resembles  in  character,  he  was  stoned  to  death, 

perhaps  about  580  B.  C.^     Jer.  xxxix,  11 — xliv. 

Boofeof  The  Book  of  Lamentations  is  placed  in  the  Hebrew 

LamaotiUons.  Bible  among  the  Writings,  and  only  in  the  Septuagint 

inscription  is  it  assigned  to  Jeremiah.     While  it  is  not 

certain  that  the  five  sad  poems  which  form  its  chapters, 

and  which  are  written  in  the  elegiac  or  Kinah  measure, 


Jeremiah's 


SBobson,  73. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        i8i 

are  from  the  pen  of  Jeremiah,  they  can  be  associated 
with  this  period  of  the  fall  of  Jerusalem  and  the  exile. 
Lam.  i — v. 

Ezekiel  was  the  prophet  of  the  Exile.  From  hisEzeUei, 
prophecy  it  can  be  learned  that  he  was  a  priest,  the  son  ^^"^^i*^ 
of  Buzi;  that  he  dwelt  among  the  captives  at  a  village 
called  Telabib,  on  the  river  or  canal  Chebar,  near 
Nippur ;  and  that  in  the  ninth  year  of  his  exile,  his  wife, 
"the  desire  of  his  eyes,"  died.*  Scarcely  any  other  per- 
gonal items  are  known  of  the  prophet,  but,  from  the  date 
of  his  latest  prophecy  (xxix,  17),  it  is  evident  that  his 
service  continued  until  570  B.  C.^ 

More  fully  than  the  older  prophets,  owing  to  the  Preacher 
conditions  of  his  life,  Ezekiel  was  a  preacher  and  *"**  *****°'° 
pastor,  and  probably  saw  the  beginnings  of  synagogue 
worship  in  his  own  home,  at  least  for  that  Jewish  com- 
munity.® The  inspiring  ideals  of  his  work  are  the  glory, 
name,  and  holiness  of  God,  and  the  responsibility  of  the 
individual  soul.' 

He   largely   uses    visions,    allegories,    parables,    and  style  and 
symbolic  actions,  and  the  echoes  of  his   book  are  dis- jf^'^^^j^*! 
cernible  in  the  apocalypse  of  John.®     Among  his  most  influence. 
wonderful    passages    are;    the    symbols    of    the    Divine 
glory,  in  chapter  i ;  the  allegory  of  the  foundling  child 
(xvi) ;  sin  personal  to  the  sinner  (xviii) ;  description  of 
Tyre's  trade   and   merchandise   (xxvii);    the  watchman 
(xxxiii) ;  the  new  heart  and  the  indwelling  Spirit  (xxxvi) ; 
the  valley  of  dry  bones  (xxxvii) ;  and  the  restored  temple, 
land,  and  city  (xl — xlviii).     His  outlook  was  on  all  Israel 
and  the  nations  of  that  day,  and  his  influence  reaches 
through  the  ages. 


4Ezek.  i,  8;  iii,  15;  xxlx,  16, 18;  Rogers,  II,  319. 

5  Klrkpatrlck,  336;  Driver,  Introduction,  289. 

BEzek.  vlil,  1;  xlv,  1;  xx,  1. 

7Ezek.  I,  28;  xxxvl,  22,  23;  xvill,  20. 

8  Klrkpatrlck,  331,  350;  Terry,  Moses  and  the  Prophets,  102-108. 


i82  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

In  vie\v  of  the  range  of  the  truths  they  give, 
Jeremiah  and  Ezekiel  may  be  called  morning-stars 
of  the  gospel  dispensation. 


STUDY  XXIII.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Jer.  vi,  16  (first 
part). 

Eead  Jer.  vi,  11-26.  The  oppressive  weight  of  sym- 
pathy on  the  heart  of  the  prophet  has  led  many  to  see  in 
him  the  anticipation  of  the  Christ-spirit.  Matheson 
especially  gives  the  key  to  the  sorrow  of  Jeremiah,  in  the 
fact  that  "he  puts  himself  in  the  place  of  God,"  and 
reflects  God's  heart-burden  over  sin. 

Scripture  Outline. 

Jeremiah:  (1)  Earlier  work,  i — xx ;  (2)  False  leaders  and 
rulers,  and  counsels  from  God,  xxi — xxxiii,  xxxv,  xxxvi,  xlv; 
(3)  During  and  after  the  siege,  xxxiv,  xxxvii — xliv ;  (4)  Foreign 
nations,  xlvi — li;   (5)  Historical  appendix,  lii. 

Lamentations:  Each  of  the  five  chapters  forms  an  elegiac 
poem. 

Ezekiel:  (1)  Approaching  fall  of  Jerusalem,  i— xxiv;  (2) 
Foreign  nations,  xxv — xxxii ;  (3)  Israel's  restoration,  xxxiii — 
xlviii. 

STUDY  XXIII.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Jer.  xxxvi,  28. 

Eead  Jer.  xxxvi,  14-33.  This  passage  shows  with 
what  obstacles  the  prophets  had  to  contend. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  an  outline  map,  and  locate  some  of  the  main 
communities  of  the  exiles,,  as  at  Telabib,  near  Nippur, 
southeast  of  Babylon;  and  at  Migdol,  Tahpanhes,  Mem- 
phis, in  Egypt  (Jer.  xliv,  1).  See  Maps  7,  8,  18  in  text- 
book; Blaikie,  Maps  2,  4;  Ottley,  Maps  2,  6. 

STUDY  XXIII.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Jer.  xxxi,  33. 

Read  Jer.  xxxi,  31-34.  Commit  this  remarkable  pas- 
sage to  memory.  It  shows  that  to  Jeremiah  is  due  the 
very  phrase   "New   Covenant"   or   "New  Testament" 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        183 


A    R  A  B  I  A 


PERSIA 

PERSEPOLIS 


Map  18.    Eastern  Biblical  Field. 

(v.  31).  "  He  is  closer  to  the  Cross  of  Christ  than  any 
pre-Christian  man  I  know."®  "In  this  prophetic  ex- 
pectation of  a  great  display  of  grace,  a  new  epoch  in  the 
history  of  religion  begins."^" 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  321-326,  334,  347;  Ottley,  207-225;  Barnicott,  120- 
123,  131;  Beardslee,  82-94,  176-180;  Burney,  6,  8,  17-31,  48,  49, 
71-90,  106-126 ;  Matheson,  II.  288-330 ;  Price,  88,  204,  211-213, 
219,239;  Ottley  (H.  P.),  52-70;  Kirkpatrick,  291-360 ;  Robson, 
entire  ;   Harvey-Jellie,  entire  ;   Cobern,  7-239. 

STUDY  XXIII.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Ezek.  i,  20. 

Eead  Ezek.  i,  1-21.  The  four  cherub  figures,  with 
their  four  wings  and  four  faces  and  their  accompanying 
wheels,  are  to  be  understood  as  a  great  symbol,  express- 
ing the  wisdom,  power,  and  free  activity  of  God,  as  seen 
in  the  Divine  throne  or  chariot. 


9  Matheson.  II,  80.5. 

10  Ottley  (H.  P.),  61. 


184         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-worl<. 

1.  The  work  of  the  Holy  Spirit  in  the  Old  Testament.  Gen. 
i,  2;  vi,  3;  Ex.  xxxi,  3;  Num.  xi,  26-29;  Judg.  vi,  34;  1  Sam. 
xvi,'l3;  Psa.  1,  11 ;  Isa.  xi,  2;  xliv,  3,  4;  Ixi,  1-3;  Ezek.  xxxvi, 
25-27;  Joel,  ii,  28,  29;  Zech.  iv,  6. 

2.  Points  in  which  Jeremiah's  heart  and  experiences  sug- 
gest likeness  to  Christ.  Beardslee,  82,  83;  Matheson,  II,  288- 
306;  Ottley  (H.  P.),  59. 

3.  Brief  word  picture  of  the  crisis  when  King  Jehoiakim 
burned  Jeremiah's  prophetic  roll.  Robson,  66-71 ;  Kirkpatrick, 
295,  296. 

4.  The  Jews  in  Egypt  tiU  4  B.  C.  Blaikie,  326,  387-389,  406  j 
Ottley,  244-257. 

5.  Study  of  some  of  Ezekiel's  symbols.  Beardslee,  90; 
Harvey- Jellie,  28,  29;  Kirkpatrick,  332,  333;  Cobern,  10. 

6.  The  influence  of  Ezekiel  on  later  Jewish  life.  Ottley, 
223,  224;  Beardslee,  91,  92;  Matheson,  II,  320-328;  Cobern, 
14,  15. 

7.  Phoenician  civilization  illustrated  by  Ezek.  xxvii ;  Co- 
bern, 162-170. 

STUDY  XXIII.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Ezek.  xxxvi,  7. 

Read  Ezek.  xxxiii,  1-9.  On  verse  3,  Mr.  Moody  has 
"Four  trumpet  calls:"  (1)  Beware,  Ezek.  xxxiii,  3; 
Num.  X,  5;  (2)  Be  glad,  Num.  x,  10;  (3)  Be  useful, 
Eev.  viii,  6;  (4)  Be  ready,  Ezek.  vii,  14;  1  Cor.  xv,  52. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

L  Why  may  Ezekiel  be  linked  with  Jeremiah  for  study? 
See  Narrative. 

2.  Of  what  period  of  Judah  was  Jeremiah  especially  the 
prophet? 

3.  In  what  ways  can  he  be  compared  with  Paul? 

4.  Can  you  name  some  of  the  kings  in  whose  reigns  he 
prophesied? 

5.  Where  was  he  taken  after  Jerusalem  fell? 

6.  Of  what  period  was  Ezekiel  the  prophet? 

7.  What  are  some  of  the  symbols  or  illustrations  that  he 
uses? 

8.  What  New  Testament  book  is  suggested  by  the  writinga 
of  Ezekiel? 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        185 

STUDY  XXIII. — Seventh  Day.      Memory  Verses,  Ezek.  xxxvi 
27. 

Eead  Ezek.  xviii,  1-4;  xxxvi,  25-27;  xxxvii,  1-10. 
Jeremiah  had  spoken  of  the  "New  Covenant."  Ezekiel, 
in  the  passages  set  to  be  read,  rises  yet  higher,  and  speaks 
of  the  individual,  the  new  heart,  the  new  power  of  the 
Holy  Spirit  able  to  recreate  even  a  whole  nation.  Thus 
the  prophets  are  ever  advancing  toward  the  full  gospel. 

Personal  Thought. 

"There  shall  be  showers  of  blessing."  (Ezek.  xxxiv, 
26.) 

The  words  of  the  lonely  prophet  on  the  Chebar  have 
blossomed  into  song. 

If  he,  in  the  dim  dawning,  could  see  the  abundant 
miracle  of  grace,  why  should  not  I,  as  a  Christian,  now 
be  glad  and  confident  in  my  Lord's  ability  to  save  the 
world  ? 


PART  Vn.— T'WENTY-FOURTH  "WTIEK. 
DANIEL. 


Distinct 
Character  of 
Book  of 
Daniel. 


ftJeM  on  ita 
Dtfflctiltles. 


STUDY  XXIV.— First  Day. 
Bead  Dan.  i. 


Memory  Verse,  Dan.  i,  8. 


Narrative. 

While  the  Book  of  Daniel  has  served  powerfully  to 
mold  Jewish  and  Christian  thought,  very  much  in  the 
same  way  as  has  the  writings  of  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and 
Ezekiel,  and  so  may  rightly  be  placed  in  Part  VII,  which 
considers  Hebrew  prophets  and  teachers,  it  is  found  in 
the  Hebrew  Bible,  not  among  the  Prophets,  but  among 
the  "Writings.  This  clearly  shows  that  it  was  felt  to  be 
different  from  these  other  great'  prophetic  books,  and 
the  questions  and  discussions  which  have  arisen  concern- 
ing it  in  recent  years  bear  witness  to  the  same  fact. 
There  is  not  space,  nor  is  it  necessary  to  attempt  here 
to  present  the  various  views  that  are  now  held  with 
relation  to  this  book,  as  reference  is  made  to  the  sources 
where  they  can  be  found. ^ 

So  many  of  the  difficulties  connected  with  the  histor- 
ical setting  of  Daniel  have  been  solved  in  comparatively 
recent  years,  or  are  admitted  to  be  of  possible  solution, 
that  the  judgment  of  the  reader  and  student  may  well 
hold  in  reserve  the  question  of  a  change  of  view  as  to 
the  character  of  the  book,  awaiting  further  results. 
Its  inclusion  in  the  Writings,  rather  than  the  Prophets, 
is  not  a  serious  item  against  it.  Daniel  himself  is  not 
distinctly  of  the  prophetic  order,  as  was  Jeremiah  or 
Ezekiel,  but  a  statesman  in  the  service  of  a  foreign  king. 

iBeardslee,  190-201;  Cobern,  243-327;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  art.  "Dan- 
iel." Driver,  Introduction,  497-510,  may  be  found  briefly  summarized 
in  Beardslee,  lfe-197. 

186 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.       187 

The  book  is  also  largely  historical  and  apocalyptic. 
These  points  would  have  weight  with  those  who  formed 
the  canon  of  the  Old  Testament  Scriptures. 

No  sufficient  disproof  has  been  brought  against  the  Confirmatory 
summary  statement  in  Dan.  i,  1,  2,  showing  that,  in  606  ****'■•*»• 
B.  C,  Nebuchadnezzar,  either  in  person  or  through  his 
general,  may  have  asked  from  Jehoiakim  the  firstfruits 
of  future  deportations  in  the  form  of  a  few  choice  youths 
and  some  of  the  vessels  of  the  temple.^  This  monarch 
has  been  shown,  from  inscriptions,  almost  to  head  the 
list  of  the  world's  great  builders ;  so  that  Eogers  says  of 
him:  "He  may  well  have  felt  and  spoken  as  the  Hebrew 
sacred  book  represents,  '  Is  not  this  great  Babylon,  that 
I  have  built  for  the  house  of  the  kingdom,  by  the  might 
of  my  power,  and  for  the  honor  of  my  majesty ' "  (Dan. 
iv,  30).^  Of  the  king's  strange  period  of  seven  years 
when  he  lived  with  the  beasts  (Dan.  iv,  32,  33),  Driver 
remarks,  "There  are  good  reasons  for  supposing  that 
Nebuchadnezzar's  lycantliropy  rests  upon  a  basis  of 
fact."*  Again,  Cobern  says,  "  Belshazzar's  existence 
was  denied  up  to  the  very  day  when  the  Babylonian 
tablet  was  found,  which  proved  him  to  be  an  historical 
character."^  As  bearing  on  the  tragic  ending  of  Bel- 
shazzar's life  in  the  night  when  he  gave  his  impious  feast 
and  saw  the  hand- writing  on  the  wall  (Dan.  v,  1-30),  it 
is  almost  startling  to  have  the  obscure  passage  in  the 
official  Babylonian  record  now  decided  by  such  experts  as 
Pinches,  Hagen,  and  Delitzsch  to  read:  "On  the  eleventh 
of  Marchesvan,  at  night  [eight  days  after  Cyrus  entered 
Babylon,  his  general],  Gubaru  made  an  assault  [against 
the  citadel],  and  slew  the  king's  son."®  This  was  Bel- 
shazzar ;  and  Pinches  considers  that  during  this  period  he 


2  Price,  211,  212,  thinks  this  may  have  been  In  605  B.  C,  after  the 
battle  of  Carchemish. 

3  Rogers,  II,  349. 

4  Driver,  Introduction,  511. 
6  Cobern,  313. 

6  Driver,  Introduction,  499;  Cobern,  316,  822;  Price,  226,  242-245. 


i88 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Noble 
Message, 
whenevar 
Written. 


Meaning  of 
Symbols. 


must  have  been  regarded  as  king.  Driver  thinks  it  not 
impossible  that  his  mother,  the  wife  of  Nabonidus,  may 
have  been  a  daughter  of  Nebuchadnezzar;  and  so  Bel- 
shazzar,  by  Hebrew  usage,  might  be  called  the  son  of 
Nebuchadnezzar.  Finally,  Boscawen  says  that  Gubaru 
was  a  Manda,  among  whom  were  embraced  the  Medes; 
that  he  was  appointed  by  Cyrus  "  prgefect  of  prefects, "  and 
*' seems  to  fulfill  in  every  way  the  required  conditions  to 
be  Darius  the  Mede"  (Dan.  v,  31 — vi,  28).  It,  therefore, 
seems  not  improbable  that  every  historical  difficulty  con- 
nected with  the  early  part  of  Daniel  will  be  cleared  up.' 

Yet  if  the  book  shall  be  determined,  after  every 
factor  is  weighed,  not  to  have  been  written  in  the  time 
of  the  Exile  but  in  the  age  of  the  Maccabees,  most  would 
hold  that,  in  those  troublous  year^  when  Antiochus 
Epiphanes  was  seeking  to  destroy  the  whole  fabric  of  the 
true  faith,  some  prophet-like  soul  grasped  the  accounts 
that  had  come  down  of  God's  deliverance  of  his  children 
in  Babylon  and  wrought  them  into  this  apocalyptic 
message.  It  breathed  new  life  and  hope  into  the  hearts 
of  the  sorely  persecuted  heroes  and  saints  of  that  age, 
and  has  cheered  the  martyrs  down  the  centuries.  It  is 
full  of  the  splendid  truth  that  the  servants  of  God  and 
the  kingdom  of  God  are  to  triumph  on  every  field. 
It  is  radiant  with  promise  of  the  coming  Son  of  man ; 
of  the  glorious  resurrection;  of  the  starlike,  immortal 
crown  of  all  who  toil  and  suffer  to  win  the  world  to  God. 
It  speaks  to  these  times,  no  less  than  to  others,  of  the 
beauty  and  power  of  pure,  self-controlled  young  man- 
hood, the  sublimity  of  great  convictions,  the  safety  of 
the  path  of  duty,  and  the  absolute  molding  by  the 
Divine  hand  of  the  course  of  human  history. 

Probably  the  best  view  as  to  the  kiiitdoms  which  are 
meant  by  the  parts  of  the  image  as  given  in  the  second 
chapter  of  Daniel,  or  by  the  beasts  in  the  seventh  chap- 


7  See  Price.  245-2!7;   Horner,  Daniel,  Darius  the  Median,  and  Cyrus, 
74-113;  Ball,  Li</ht  from  the  East,  227. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.       189 

ter,  for  the  two  lines  of  symbols  run  parallel,  is  either 
the  familiar  list  of  world-empires — Babylonian,  Medo- 
Persian,  Greek,  Roman  —  or  the  list  reaching  only  to  the 
Maccabean  age  —  Babylonian,  Medo-Persian,  Greek,  Syr- 
ian.^ In  the  latter  case,  the  little  horn®  that  finally  rises 
out  of  the  fourth  kingdom  and  does  such  outrage  to  the 
sanctuary,  the  continual  burnt-offering,  and  the  holy 
people  appears  to  be  Antiochus  Epiphanes.^"  But  as 
ever  in  the  supreme  heights  of  Old  Testament  prophecy, 
upon  the  more  distant  horizon  the  conflict  of  Christ  and 
his  Church  with  the  world  may  be  seen. 

Almost  countless  attempts  have  been  made  to  inter- Numbers 
pret  and  apply  the  numbers  and  time-measures  of  these  tf**  ^*"®' 

■^  X  i   ./  Measures. 

latter  chapters  of  Daniel  to  historical  events  relating  to 
the  exile  and  restoration,  the  times  of  the  Maccabees, 
and  the  era  of  Christ,  but  not  with  complete  success. 
They  are,  perhaps,  a  part  of  the  apocalyptic  mode  of 
expression,  and  while  some  of  them  have  been  fitted  by 
students  to  their  right  places,  others  may  belong  to  the 
symbolism  of  the  writer,  and  to  use  them  literally  simply 
misleads.  As  Driver  says,  "In  any  case,  the  'stone 
cut  out  without  hands'  represents  the  kingdom  of  God, 
before  which  all  earthly  powers  are  ultimately  to  fall."" 


The  very  names  of  good  men  are  sometimes  sug- 
gestive of  certain  qualities  of  character.  At  the 
mention  of  Daniel's  name,  w^e  think  of  courage,  of 
loyalty.  To  impersonate  these  virtues  is  to  live  for 
noble  ends. 


8  Cobern,  339-341,  367-375. 

ODan.  Vll,  8,  U,  20-26;   vlii,  9-14,  19-26;   xl,  21-39. 

10  Terry,  Biblical  Apocalyptics,  190-212;  Cobern,  261-268;    Deane,  140- 
144,  186-191. 

11  Dan.  11,  34,  85,  44,  45;    Driver,  Introduction,  489. 


190 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


STUDY  XXIV.— Second  Day.      Memory  Verse,  Dan.  ii,  20. 

Eead  Dan.  ii,  1-24.  It  may  be  said  that  seldom,  if 
ever,  does  control,  self-discipline,  training  on  the  part  of 
youth,  fail  to  meet  fitting  opportunity,  as  here  with 
Daniel,  and  have  worthy  reward.  ' 

Scripture  Outline. 

Daniel:  (1)  Opening  scenes  in  historical  form,  i — vi ;  (2) 
Closing  scenes  in  apocalyptic  form,  vii — xii. 

STUDY  XXiV.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Dan.  ii,  44. 

Eead  Dan.  ii,  25-49.  "Nowhere  else  do  we  find  be- 
fore the  advent  of  Christ  such  a  magnificent  conception 
of  the  kingdom  of  heaven.  "^^ 


Seleucida5 
or  Syria 

PtoleiTiies 
or  Egypt 


Map  19.    Rivals  fok  Possession  of  Palestine. 


12  Terry,  Biblical  Apocalypiics,  182. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.       191 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Make  a  simple  map,  showing  the  Egyptian  and  Syrian 
divisions  of  Alexander's  empire  after  his  death,  which 
became  rivals  for  the  possession  of  Palestine.  See  Map 
19  in  text-book;  Hurlbut,  94-96;  MacCoun,  II,  65-71; 
and  Maps  103,  106,  107. 

STUDY  XXIV.— Fourth  Day.     Memory  Verses,  Dan.  iii,  17,  18. 
Eead  Dan.  iii.     Perhaps  no  passage  of  the  Bible  has 
had  more  power  than  this  to  inspire  the  noble  army  of 
confessors  and  witnesses  for  the  faith. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  323,  343-354;  Ottley,  219-221,  262,  263;  Barnicott, 
123-126;  Beardslee,  190-201;  Burney,  8,  14,  17,  26,  111,  126; 
Matheson,  II,  331-351 ;  Brown,  117-141 ;  Price,  210-247;  Deane, 
entire ;  Cobern,  241-415. 

STUDY  XXIV.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Dan.  v,  5. 

Eead  Dan.  v.  "If  Daniel  were  fourteen  years  of  age 
when  carried  to  Babylon,  he  would  be  near  seventeen 
when  he  finished  the  course  of  study,  a  man  somewhere 
near  twenty-five  or  thirty  years  of  age  when  Ezekiel 
speaks  of  him  (Ezek.  xiv,  14;  xxviii,  3),  and  about 
eighty-five  when  we  last  hear  of  him"  (Dan.  x,  1)." 
At  the  time  of  Belshazzar's  death,  he  would  be  about 
eighty-one ;  and  the  Biblical  data  of  his  life  would  cover 
the  seventy  years  from  his  going  to  Babylon,  about  606 
or  605  B.  C.  to  535  B.  C,  "in  the  third  year  of  Cyrus" 
(Dan.  X,  1). 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  God's  defense  of  his  people.  Gen.  xv,  1 ;  xxxix,  21 ;  Ex. 
xiv,  13,  14;  1  Sam.  vii,  10-12;  xxv,  29;  Psa.  vii,  1,  10;  xci,  1, 
2,  14,  15;  Dan.  iii,  25,  28;  vi,  19-23;   vii,  27. 

2.  Babylonian  language  and  learning.  Dan.  i,  4;  Davidson 
(B.  and  A.),  63,  64,  94-104;   Bib.  Diet. 

iSOobern,  300. 


192  Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

3.  Nebuchadnezzar  as  a  builder.  Dan.  iv,  29,  30;  Blaikie, 
343;  Price,  216,  217;   Rogers,  II,  342-351. 

4.  The  character  of  Daniel.  Matheson,  II,  331-349;  Price, 
236-246 ;  Cobern,  298-300. 

5.  Brief  sketch  of  the  life  and  work  of  Cyrus.  Blaikie,  351- 
355;  Ottley,  227-229;  Price,  223-235;   Rogers,  II,  370-379. 

6.  Antiochus  Epiphanes  and  his  record.  Blaikie,  393-396; 
Ottley,  258-261 ;   Skinner,  35-47. 

7.  Main  references  to  the  resurrection  in  the  Old  Testa- 
ment. Isa.  xxvi,  19;  Ezek.  xxxvii,  1-14;  Dan.  xii,  2;  Blaikie, 
357;  Burney,  126,  127. 


STUDY  XXIV.— Sixth  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Dan.  vi,  10. 

Eead  Dan.  vi,  10-23.  The  hunting  of  lions,  their 
confinement  in  cages  and  dens,  and  their  use  for  extreme 
punishment  of  offenders,  by  the  Assyrians  and  Babylon- 
ians, are  fully  confirmed  by  Oriental  records  and  illus- 
trations." 


Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  Under  what  king  of  Babylon  was  Daniel  and  his  three 
companions  taken  from  their  native  land? 

2.  Can  you  state  some  points  discovered  about  Belshazzar 
in  inscriptions?    See  Narrative. 

3.  How  did  Daniel  rise  to  a  position  of  honor? 

4.  What  chief  points  of  strength  and  heroism  are  shown  in 
his  life? 

5.  What  great  truth  is  revealed  in  the  Book  of  Daniel  about 
the  kingdom  of  God? 

6.  What  was  the  character  of  Cyi'us? 

7.  About  what  would  have  been  the  age  of  Daniel  in  the 
early  years  of  Cyrus's  reign  over  Babylon?    See  Fifth  Day. 


STUDY  XXIV.— Seventh  Day.    Memory  Verse,  Dan.  xii,  3. 

Read  Dan.  xii,  1-3,     What  an  inspiration  for  soul- 
winning  is  given  in  the  promise  of  the  Memory  Verse ! 


i4Deane,  110,  111;  Oobem,  864;  Ball,  Lnght  from  the  East,  161-168, 200. 
5J27.    See,  also,  Illustration,  Davidson  (B.  and  A.),  61. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.       193 

Personal  Thought. 

"Daniel  purposed  in  his  heart  that  he  would  not 
defile  himself  with  the  king's  dainties,  nor  with  the 
wine  which  he  drank."     (Dan.  i,  8.) 

It  is  to  the  inner  temple  of  the  youthful  heart, 
whether  of  man  or  woman,  that  will  not  permit  itself  to 
be  defiled  with  worldliness,  that  the  splendid  concepts  of 
mind  and  visions  of  soul  come. 

Am  I  thus  guarding  my  heart  for  God's  use  *? 


j3 


PART  VII.— TWENTY-FIFTH  TVEEK. 
THE  CLOSING  LINE  OF  MIXOE  PEOPHETS. 


STUDY  XXV.— First  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Nahum  i,  3. 
Eead  Nahum  i,  1-8,  15,  16;  iii,  17-19. 

Narrative. 
Right  The  term  *'  Minor  Prophets  '*  is   not  a  satisfactory 

Estimate  name  if  it  is  taken  in  the  sense  that  these  writings  are 
Arrangement,  unimportant  and  not  used  simply  to  suggest  the  fact  that 
they  are  briefer  than  the  Books  of  Isaiah,  Jeremiah,  and 
Ezekiel.  Already  from  the  list  of  the  twelve,  Amos, 
Hosea,  and  Micah  have  been  treated,  and  have  been 
found  to  be  of  great  value.  It  now  remains  to  place  the 
other  nine  in  as  careful  chronological  order  as  may  be, 
and  briefly  to  consider  each  of  them.  The  usual  arrange- 
ment is  to  classify  the  Old  Testament  prophetic  writings 
by  periods,  as:  (1)  Eighth  Century  (B.  C),  or  Assyrian; 
(2)  Seventh  Century,  or  Chaldean;  (3)  Post-Exilic,  or 
Eestoration.^  The  term  Exilic  is  of  service  in  desig- 
nating those  of  the  Chaldean  period  that  appeared  during 
the  time  of  the  Captivity,  and  Pre-Exilic  may  be  used  for 
all  coming  before  that  time.  Of  the  nine  remaining 
Minor  Prophets,  Nahum,  Zephaniah,  and  Habakkuk 
may  be  counted  as  pre-exilic;  Haggai,  Zechariah,  and 
Malachi  as  post-exilic;  and  Joel,  Obadiah,  and  Jonah  of 
uncertain  date. 
Nahum'a  Nahum  is  probably  the  first  of  the  seventh-century 

Poetic  Force.  p^Qp^ets.*     Nothing  is  known  of  him,  except  that  he  is 
called   "The  Elkoshite"  (Nahum  i,   1);  and  the  place 

iBeardslee,  48;  Klrkpatrlck,  lfr-21,  532-585;  Hast.  Bib.  Diet.,  IV,  112. 

8 Driver,  Introduction,  335,  386,  gives  664  to  607  B.  C.  as  limiting  dates; 
Beardslee,  118,  the  same;  Smith,  The  Book  of  tfie  Twelve  Prophets,  II,  88, 
Inclines  to  607  B.  0. 

194 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.       195 

implied  in  the  name  can  not  be  located.  His  poetic 
language  is  very  forceful,  resembling  that  of  Isaiah,  and 
the  object  of  his  prophecy  is  Nineveh.  Under  the  figure 
of  a  lion,  he  shows  the  extreme  cruelty  and  savagery  of 
Assp'ia.  "The  lion  did  tear  in  pieces  enough  for  his 
whelps,  and  strangled  for  his  lioness,  and  filled  his  caves 
with  prey,  and  his  dens  with  ravin  .  .  .  Woe  to  the 
bloody  city!"  (ii,  12;  iii,  1).     Nahum  i — iii. 

It  is  possible  that  Zephaniah  may  have  prophesied  Zephaniah's 
before  the  time  of  Nahum.  He  is  shown  to  be  a  great- ^'®°*'^°y®'*^* 
grandson  of  Hezekiah  (Zeph.  i,  1),  and  most  scholars 
think  this  means  the  Judean  king  of  that  name,  so  that 
his  date  may  be  before  the  reformation  in  the  reign  of 
Josiah,  or  in  the  years  from  636  to  621  B.  C.^  The  deso- 
lating flood  which  he  sees  is  about  to  strike  the  nations 
from  Ethiopia  to  Assyria  is  supposed  to  be  the  Scythians, 
*' those  strange,  uncouth  forms,  hardly  to  be  distinguished 
from  their  horses  and  wagons,  fierce  as  their  own  wolves 
or  bears,  sweeping  down  on  the  seats  of  luxury  and 
power."*  Though  woe  is  announced  to  Jerusalem  because 
she  is  "rebellious  and  polluted"  (iii,  1),  yet  in  the  end 
Jehovah  will  rejoice  in  her,  he  will  be  "silent  in  his 
love"  (iii,  17).     Zephaniah  i — iii. 

Habakkuk  lived  when  Judah's  eastward  outlook  was  Habakkak's 
changing.      He   shows   that   while   the   Chaldeans,    who  p^'^  *^^ 
seem  now  to  have  overthrown  Assyria,   may  have  been  Temperance. 
raised  up  to  punish  Judah's  sins,   "the  righteous  shall 
live  by  his  faith"    (Hab.   ii,   4),  and  evil  shall  not  go 
un judged.     Woe  shall  be  to  him  "that  buildeth  a  town 
with  blood"     .     .     .     " that  giveth  his  neighbor  drink " 
(ii,  12,  15).     His  closing  chapter  is  a  beautiful  lyric  ode 
(Hab.  iii).     The  date  of  Habakkuk  may  be  a  little  after 
the  battle  of  Carchemish,  605  B.  C.     Habakkuk  i — iii. 

It  has  already  been  stated  ^  that  two  post-exilic  proph-  Two 
ets,  Haggai  and  Zechariah,  did  much  by  their  prophetic  p"^",^^"^^ 

sottley  (H.  P.),  48;  Adams,  64.  the  Temple. 

4 Stanley,  The  Jcn-W'  rhKr^h,  II,  1?S 
6  Study  XVI,  Narrative. 


196 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Zechatiah'5 
Vein  of 
Apocalypse. 


Malachi's 
Promise  of 
Measenger. 


appeals  to  inspire  the  rebuilding  of  the  temple,  about  520 
to  516  B.  C.  The  prophecy  of  Haggai  is  especially 
straightforward  and  practical,  and  he  brings  out  his 
points  in  a  way  that  produced  the  results  that  he  desired. 
The  returned  exiles  were  aroused,  and  no  longer  let  the 
bouse  of  the  Lord  lie  waste,  while  they  dwelt  in  "ceiled 
houses  "  (Hag.  i,  4).  The  two  chapters  of  his  book  are 
made  up  of  short  discourses,  definitely  dated.  Haggai 
i,  ii. 

The  Book  of  Zechariah  is  much  longer  than  those 
which  have  thus  far  been  noted  in  the  present  lesson. 
The  first  six  chapters  are  composed  of  eight  visions,  sym- 
bolizing Israel's  resources  of  Divine  care  and  spiritual 
power  in  overcoming  obstacles  and  completing  the  sanctu- 
ary. Satan  stands  at  the  right  hand  of  Joshua,  the  high- 
priest,  to  oppose  him;  but  Jehovah  will  rebuke  the 
adversary,  and  clothe  the  priest  in  splendid  apparel, 
with  a  "clean  mitre  upon  his  head"  (Zech.  iii,  1-5); 
and  Zerubbabel  will  lay  the  "top-stone"  of  the  temple; 
for  the  work  is  "not  by  might,  nor  by  power,  but  by  my 
Spirit,  saith  Jehovah  of  hosts"  (iv,  6,  7).  The  conclud- 
ing eight  chapters  are  much  more  general  in  tone,  but 
show  striking  Messianic  passages,  some  of  which  are 
cited  concerning  Christ  in  the  New  Testament.®  The 
whole  prophecy  is  pervaded  by  an  element  of  apocalypse. 
Zechariah  i — xiv. 

Malachi,  the  third  post-exilic  prophet,  can  be  fairly 
well  placed  in  the  twenty  years  from  4G0  to  440  B.  C' 
His  book  shows  how  the  faith  and  spirit  of  the  people 
had  declined,  and  he  searchingly  presents  the  call  of  God 
that  they  bring  "the  whole  tithe"  of  a  right  service  and 
prove  if  Jehovah  will  not  "open  the  windows  of  heaven" 
in  blessing.  He  concludes  with  the  promise  of  a  "mes- 
senger" preparing  the  way  before  the  Lord,  an  Elijah — 
which  was  fulfilled  in  John  the  Baptist.      Malachi  i — iv. 

ezech.  Ix,  9;  Matt,  xxl,  5;  Zech.  xU,  10;  Johnxix,  87.  See  Kirk  pat - 
lick,  475,  476. 

7 See  Study  XVI,  Narrative;  Ottley  (H.  P.),  87;  Adams,  85. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        197 

Of  the  three  prophets  whose  writings  can  not  be  easily  joei's  Piedg* 
dated,  the  first,  Joel,  is  by  some  placed  very  early,  as  by°*  P«>oUiMst. 
Kirkpatrick,  from  837  to  817  B.  C.,^  though  he  also 
considers  the  points  favoring  a  very  late  date.  The  latter 
view  is  more  fully  accepted  by  Ottley,  who  places  the 
prophet  about  350  B.  C.  Joel  was  the  son  of  Pethuel 
(Joel  i,  1)  and  a  native  of  Judah,  of  which  his  prophecy 
clearly  speaks.  He  it  is  who  gives  the  great  Pentecostal 
promise,  when  God  says,  *'And  it  shall  come  to  pass 
afterward  that  I  Avill  pom-  out  my  Spirit  upon  all  flesh  " 
(ii,  28).     Joel  i— iii. 

Most  writers  would  locate  Obadiah  in  the  sixth  cen-obadiah 
tury  B.  C. ;  but  again  Kirkpatrick  points  out  an  early  *'"' ^*'°™* 
date  as  possible  in  the  reign  of  Jehoram,  king  of  Judah, 
about  845  B.  C.^  Obadiah  (vs.)  1-9  and  Jeremiah  xlix, 
7-22  are  so  much  alike  that  it  is  thought  that  the  latter 
quotes  from  the  former,  so  that  Beardslee,  Smith,  and 
Driver  incline  to  a  date  for  Obadiah  shortly  after  the  fall 
of  Jerusalem,  586  B.  C."  The  prophetic  message  is  di- 
rected against  Edom,  viewing  its  overthrow  and  the  out- 
look for  God's  people,  and  the  brief  writing  closes  with 
the  noble  phrase  that  **tlie  kingdom  shall  be  Jehovah's" 
(vs.  21).     Obadiah  1-21. 

*' Jonah  the  son  of  Amittai,  the  prophet,  who  was  of  Jonah's 
Gath-hepher "  (2   Kings  xiv,  25),  is  evidently  the  same  ^j^^^^"  *** 
person  as  the  one  described  in  the  Book  of  Jonah,  where  Love. 
he  is  also  called  the  son  of  Amittai  (Jonah  i,  1) ;  and  in 
the  first  passage  it  is  seen  that  he  was  a  prophet  in  the 
Northern    Kingdom,    in    the    reign    of    Jeroboam    II." 
Gath-hepher  is   a  town  of  Lower   Galilee,    three   miles 
northeast  of  Nazareth.     If  the  Book  of  Jonah  was  written 
by  the  prophet,  its  date  may  be  about  745  B.  C.^^     Most 
of  those  who  assign  the  book  to  some  other  author  than 


8Kirkpatrlck,  57,  58. 

9  Kirkpatrick,  39. 

10  Beardslee,  108. 

u  See  Study  XIV,  Sixth  Day. 
12  Beardslee,  110. 


198         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Jonah  would  place  the  time  of  its  writing  after  the  Exile, 
and  in  the  fifth  or  the  fourth  century  B.  C.^'  This  and 
other  questions  relating  to  the  book  can  best  be  consid- 
ered by  the  reader  or  student  consulting  books  where 
they  are  treated  at  some  length."  Adams  finely  points 
out  three  principal  lessons  of  the  Book  of  Jonah — the 
lesson  of  obedience,  the  lesson  of  repentance,  and  the 
lesson  of  God's  universal  love.^*    Jonah  i — iv. 


•♦Unto  the  fathers  in  the  prophets  by  divers 
portions  and  in  divers  manners  .  .  .  unto  us  in 
the   Son.      .     .  Therefore     .      .      .     the  more 

earnest  heed."     Hebrewi,  i,  2;   ii,  i. 


STUDY  XXV.— Second  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Zeph.  iii,  17. 

Read  Zeph.  iii,  1-7,  13-20.  Like  many  of  the  proph- 
ets, this  descendant  of  the  royal  house  of  Judah  here  first 
shows  the  sins  of  Jerusalem  and  then  points  out  God's 
corrections,  foretells  the  survival  of  a  true  remnant,  and 
gives  assurance  of  final  peace  and  blessing. 

Scripture  Outline. 

The  Minor  Prophets:  (1)  Of  the  eighth  century  B.  C, 
Amos,  Hosea,  Micah  ;  (2)  Of  the  seventh  century  B.  C,  Nahum, 
Zephaniah,  Habakkuk;  (3)  Post-exilic,  Haggai,  Zechariah, 
Malachi ;  (4)  Of  uncertain  date,  Joel,  Obadiah,  Jonah. 

STUDY  XXV.— Third  Day.     Memory  Verses,  Hab.  iii,  17,  18. 

Bead  Habakkuk  iii.  Driver  well  says  that  this  lyric 
ode  "for  sublimity  of  poetic  conception  and  splendor  of 
diction  ranks  with  the  finest  which  Hebrew  poetry  has 
produced. "  " 

iSOttley  (H.  P.),  101;  Driver,  Introduction,  322. 

14  See  Kennedy,  On  the  Book  of  Jonah;  Trumbull,  Jonah  in  Nineveh; 
Smith,  The  Book  of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  II,  491-641. 
16  Adams,  107-110. 
16  Driver,  Introduction,  339. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        199 


Map  20.    Palbstine  Towabd  New  Testament  Times. 


200         Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 

Suggestions  for  Map  Work. 

Eeview  the  map  work  of  the  course;  and  note  the 
signs  of  approach  to  Kew  Testament  times,  in  the  growth 
of  Greek  cities  in  Palestine,  and  otherwise,  as  shown  in 
Map  20  in  text-book. 

STUDY  XXV.— Fourth  Day.      Memory  Ver&e,  Hag.  i,  4. 

Eead  Haggai  i.  It  is  still  true  that  it  generally 
requires  the  vision,  words,  and  work  of  a  minister  to  carry 
through  the  building  of  a  church,  as  it  did  in  the  days  of 
JIaggai. 

General  References. 

Blaikie,  293-295,  301,  315-318,  326,  362,  363,  375,  376 ;  Ottley, 
211,231-234,247,249;  Beardslee,  95-136;  Burney,  6-25,  72-90, 
108-117;  Matheson,  II,  217-241;  Price,  207-209,  278;  Ottley 
(H.  P.),  14,  15,  45-51,  61,  78-103;  Kirkpatrick,  19-21,  31-79,  237- 
290,  411-  535 ;   Adams,  entire. 

STUDY  XXV.— Fifth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Zeeh.  iv,  6. 

Read  Zech.  iv.  In  the  vision  given  the  prophet,  the 
oil  is  so  abundantly  and  surely  supplied  that  the  light  can 
not  fail.  So  the  Holy  Spirit  can  cause  that  the  Chris- 
tian's illumination  and  purpose  shall  not  grow  dim. 

Topics    for    Personal    Investigation    and    for    Assignment    in 
Class-work. 

1.  Some  of  the  prophecies  of  Christ  and  his  kingdom  in  the 
Old  Testament  fulfilled  in  the  New.  Psa.  ii,  6-8 ;  xxii,  1,  16-18 ; 
Ixxii,  11,  12,  17;  Isa.  ix,  1-7;  liii,  1-6;  Jer.  xxxi,  31-34;  Dan. 
vii,  13  14;  xii,  2,  3;  Joel,  ii,  28-32;  Micah,  iv,  1-3;  v,  2;  Zech. 
ix,  9;  Malachi,  iii,  1. 

2.  How  the  Old  Testament  prepares  the  way  for  the  New. 
Ottley  (H.  P.),  106-118;   Kirkpatrick,  517-531. 

3.  Outline  of  the  great  religious  truths  in  the  Hebrew 
prophets.     Beardslee,  747-750. 

4.  The  Scythians  and  their  southward  incursion  in  the  sev- 
enth century  B.  C.     Adams,  55,  56;    Bib.  Diet. 

5.  Special  study  of  the  Book  of  Zechariah.  Beardslee,  127- 
133;    Burney,  108,  109;   Ottley  (H.  P.),  80-83. 

6.  Description  of  the  locusts  and  their  devastations.  Joel 
i,  4;  Adams,  93-95;  Bib.  Diet. 


Hebrew  Prophets  and  Teachers.        201 

7.  Brief  examination  of  the  Book  of  Jonah :  its  difficulties 
and  teachings.  Ottley,  247;  Beardslee,  110-114;  Burney,  115- 
118;  Adams,  104-111. 

STUDY  XXV.— Sixth  Day.     Memory  Verse,  Malachi  iii,  10. 

Read  Malachi  iii.  No  less  than  in  the  time  of  Malachi, 
there  is  danger  to-day  of  robbing  God  of  rightful  service ; 
and  now,  as  then,  the  full  offering  from  hearts  of  love 
will  bring  God's  overflowing  response. 

Questions  for  Written  Answers. 

1.  How  should  the  term  "Minor  Prophets"  be  understood? 
See  Narrative. 

2.  Can  you  classify  the  twelve  Minor  Prophets  as  to  date? 
See  Scripture  Outline  under  Second  Day,  and  Chart  C,  p.  163. 

3.  Against  what  nation  does  Nahum  especially  speak? 

4.  What  enterprise  enlists  and  associates  Haggai  and  Zech- 
ariah? 

5.  Can  you  mention  three  prophetic  passages  concerning 
Christ  in  the  Minor  Propliets? 

6.  Can  you  give  two  passages  from  these  prophets  referring 
especially  to  the  Holy  Spirit? 

7.  What  are  some  of  the  practical  lessons  of  the  Book  of 
Jonah  ? 

STUDY  XXV.— Seventh  Day.  Memory  Verses,  Joel  ii,  28,  29. 
Read  Joel  ii,  28-32;  Obadiah  verse  21.  The  early 
morning  of  the  gospel  age  seems  already  to  illumine  the 
hearts  of  the  prophets,  who  could  see  the  kingdom  of  the 
Father,  the  Son,  and  the  Holy  Spirit  as  about  to  come. 

Personal  Thought. 

"I  knew  that  thou  art  a  gracious  God,  and  merciful 
.     .     .     and  abundant  in  lovingkiudness."  (Jonah  iv,  2.) 

And  now  Jonah  learns  this  lesson  more  fully  in  God's 
feeling  toward  Nineveh.  It  is  most  appropriate  that  the 
study  of  the  course  of  God's  revelation  of  himself  in  the 
Old  Testament  as  of  that  in  the  New  Testament  should 
end  upon  the  note  of  his  gracious  love  and  mercy,  reach- 
ing out  to  all  the  race. 

Do  I  partake  of  this  love,  and  seek  to  express  it  in  my 
life? 


INDEX  OF  SCEIPTURE  PASSAGES. 


GENESIS. 
Entire.  .  .11,  23,   24,  27, 

49,   (chart)    44 

i,    1    23 

i,    1-8,    14-19     26 

i,    1,    31     29 

i,   2    184 

i,   3    2G 

i,    3-31     29 

i,  9-13,   20-25    27 

i,   9-27     29 

i,    26-29    29,    30 

i,   26 — ii,    3     28 

i,  ii    15,   24 

i— iv    27 

i — xi,   26 27 

i — XXV 34 

ii,  2,   3    29 

ii,  4-15    28 

ii,   7   28,  29 

ii,   817 29,   31 

ii,   18-25    29 

ii,   27 28 

iii 15 

iii,   1-6    32,   33 

iii,   1-8    33 

iii,   1,    14,    15 36 

iii,   6,    7,   22,   23     36 

iii,   7,   15-24    32,   33 

iii,   8-11    36 

iii,   9-14,    16-19 34,   36 

iii,    15,   20-24    35,   36 

iii,    17    38 

iv,   1-7 38,  39,   44 

iv,   8,  23,  24    118 

iv,  9,   10    36,   44 

iv,   20-26    40-42 

iv,  25,   29 38 

iv,   26    50 

iv — xi,   9     15 

V,   1-5,    21-32    41 

V,   1 — vi,   8 27 

v,   9 33 

v,   24 118 

vi 42 

vi,   2,   4    40,    43 

vi,   3    184 

vi,  9    118 

vii    43 

vii,    1     161 

vii,    11,    17    44 

viii    43 

ix,   1-17    44 

X 42,   43 

X,   1 — xi,   9 27 

X,   16 44 

xi,   10-26     27 

xi,    10 — xxviii,  9     15 

xi,   27 — XXV,    11 49 

xi,  27—1,  26 49 


Page 

xi,  28,   31    46,  50 

xi,   31 — ^xii,   9    45 

xii,    1     161 

xii,    7,    8    50 

xii,    8-20    47 

xiii    47,  49 

xiii,   4    50 

xiv 46,    49,  50 

xiv — xix    47 

XV,   1 191 

XV,    6 51 

XV,    19-21    67 

xviii,    16-33     50 

xviii,   24-26    169 

xviii,  25    43,  50 

XX    47 

xxi     47 

xxii    49 

xxii,   8,   13,   14    56 

xxii,   19     47 

xxiii     47 

xxiv 48 

xxiv,   1-15,   50,   67     51 

XXV,   7-10    47 

XXV,   12-18    49 

XXV,   19 — XXXV,  29    ....  49 

XXV,   27-34 51 

xxvi,   17-25 51 

XX vi — 1 54,  55 

xxviii,   2    53 

xxviii,    10-22    52 

xxxviii,    13    161 

xxviii — xxxvi   53 

xxix,   4    53 

xxxii,  22 — xxxiii 54 

XXXV,   27-29    15 

xxxvi,   1 — xxxvii,   1    ...  49 

xxxvii    55 

xxxvii,   2 — 1,   26    49 

xxxvii,   25-27    56 

xxxix,   1-6,   19-23    55 

xxxix,   3    56 

xxxix,  21    191 

xii,    1-16,  37-45    55 

xii,   16    161 

xii.   43    54 

xiii,    1-5    56 

xiii,    15,    16    56 

xliii,    1-15     56 

xliv,    16     36 

xliv — xiv,   15 56 

xiv,    7,    8     56 

xiv,    8    53 

xiv,    24    57 

xlvi,    1 — 1,    13     53 

xlix    56 

xlix,    10,    22-26    57 

xlix,    29-32    47 

1 57 

1,  20 53,  56 

203 


Page 
EXODUS. 

Entire    15,   62 

i,   814 58 

i,   11    59 

i — xii    59 

i — xiii     62 

ii,   1-15    58 

iii,   1-14    58 

iii,    5    63 

iii,   7   105 

iii,    10    161 

iii,   14   29 

V — xii    59 

xii,    37     59 

xiii — xl    60 

xiv 61 

xiv,    13,    14 191 

xiv,    15    70 

xiv,   21    59 

xiv — xix,   1     62 

XV,   11-13    169 

xvii,  9,   10    66 

xix,   1-11     62 

xix,  2 — xl    62 

XX,   1-17 60,   62 

XX,  26 62 

XX,  22 — xxiii,   19    60 

xxviii,   38    63 

xxxi,   3    184 

xxxiv,  6,   7 1G9 

LEVITICUS. 

Entire    15,  60,  62 

i,   1-4    63 

i — vii    62 

i — xxvii    60 

ii,   1-3   63 

iii,   1    63 

vi,   24-26     63 

vii,    1,   2    63 

viii — X    62 

X,    1,    2    91 

xi,   5,   6,  26-30    155 

xi — xvi   62 

xvi,    34    63 

xvii — xxvi    60 

xvi — xxvii    62 

xix,   9-18    63 

XX,   26 63 

xxiii     64 

xxvii,   30    64 

NX7MBEBS. 

Entire    15,   62 

i — ix    60 

i — X,   10    62 

iv,   20    91 

X,   5,   10    184 

X,   11 — xxii,   1    62 

xi,   26-29    184 


204 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 

xi,    28,    29     66 

Xiii,    1    60 

xiii,    26    60 

xiii,   31    lis 

xiv,   1,   2 113 

xiv,   20-31     60 

xiv,   38    66 

xviii,   7 91 

XX 60 

XX,    27,   28    60 

xxi — xxxii    60 

xxii,    2 — xxxvi    62 

xxvi,    64,    65     60 

xxxii,   23     36 

xxxiii,   3-49    64 

DEUTERONOMY. 

Entire    15,  62 

i,   19,   40 60 

i — iv,    43     62 

iv,    44 — xxvi     62 

vi,    1-9     63 

vii,    22     73 

viii,    2    78 

X,    6 60 

XV,    15    170 

xviii,    15    64 

xxvii,    2-8    69 

xxvii — XXX    62 

XXX,    11-19    64 

XXX,   20 98 

xxxi,    4    43 

xxxi — xxxir 62 

xxxiv,    1,    5,   6    60 

xxxiv,    9    66 

xxxiv,    10    64 

JOSHUA. 

Entire    15,    69,    164 

i,   7    70 

i,    8    69 

i,   ii    66 

i — V 69 

iii,    5-17    60 

iii,    IG    07 

iii — V    0  7 

iv     (i9 

iv,   2-9,    20-22     09 

V,    13 — vi,   20 09 

vi,    3,    15,    16,   20 70 

vi — xi    03 

vi — xii    69 

vii,    11,    30-18     30 

viii,    30-35    69,  70 

ix,    1    67 

xi,    21    67 

xiii — xxi    69 

xiv 70 

XV,   13-19    68 

XV,   15 69 

XV,    63 72 

xvi,   10    72 

xix,   18    148 

xix,   47    68 

xxi,   45 70,   112 

xxii — xxiv    68,  69 

xxiii,   10    70,  71 

xxiv    69-71 

xxiv,    15,   18 118 

xxiv,   22,   23 125 


Page 
JUDGES, 

16,   76,   129,   164 
68 

i,   3,   22 86 

i — iii,   6    70 

ii,    10,    11    73 

ii,   10 — iii,   11    72 

ii,    21,   22    73 

ii,    22,   23    73 

iii,   1,   2,   4 78 

iii,    7-11    74 

iii,   7 — xvi    76 

iii,   9    73 

iii,    15-27    86 

iii,    16    73 

iv,   4,    6     161 

iv,    8    118 

iv,   V    74 

iv,   1 — V,   7 76 

V,    1-23    78 

V,    14,    17    86 

V,   20,    21    76 

V,    23    76,    78 

V,    30 78 

vi,   4,    19,   25,   26 85 

vi,    11 — vii,    8     78 

vi,    34,    35   ...  .79,    125,    184 

vi,   vii    75 

vii,    1-21    76 

vii,    5     85 

vii,    7     73 

viii,   24-26    73 

i.x,   7-20     144 

ix,    8-15 77 

xi,    12-15,   26-40     77 

xi,   29    80 

xii,    1-6    80 

xiii,   4,   5    78 

xiii,    24 85 

xiv,    12    78 

xiv,    12-18     144 

XV,    3 155 

xvi,    1    161 

xvi,   15-31     78 

xvii,    6     73 

xvii,    10     78 

xvii    76,    79 

xvii — xxi    75 

xviii    63 

xix — xxi    76 

XX,    1,    18    87 

X.X,    16     91 

xxi,   20-25    73,    79 

EUTII. 

Entire     10,    75,    76,  78 

i,    1-9 76 

i,    10-22     76 

i,    14-22     79 

i,    16,    17     78 

i — iv 75 

ii,    8-12    79 

ii,    11.    12    73 

ii— iv,    17    70 

iii,    3,    15    78 

iv,   18-22    76 

1   SAMUEL. 
Entire    ...  .83,   89,   90,    104 
i,   3    80 


?age 

i,    9-11,    19-22,    25-28    .  .  8« 

i,    27    105 

i — viii   83 

i — XXV,    1    16 

ii   81 

ii,    1-19    83 

ii,    2     63 

ii,    18,   26    85 

ii.   26   81,  83 

ii,    30     91 

iii    81,  83 

iii,    19,    20    85,  87 

iv — vii,    1    82 

V,    19    91 

vi,    17    87 

vii    82,    84.  85 

vii,    2,    5 83,  87 

vii,    3-6    125 

vii,    10-12    191 

vii,    15-17    81 

viii,    2    87 

\'iii,    8-11     81 

viii,    10-18    108 

viii,    19,    20 118 

viii— -xix    83 

ix     86 

ix,    2    88 

ix,    3,    9 85 

ix — X,    1     38 

ix-^ — xvi    83 

ix — XXV     83 

ix — 2   Sam.   i 16 

X,   2 — xii     89 

X,    5-13    81 

X,    17-25    84 

xi 89 

xi,    1-11     91 

xii,    1-15,    23     85 

xii,    2     85 

xiii     90 

xiii,   9,    12-14     91 

xiii,    19    91 

xiii,    20    87 

xiii — xxxi    89 

xiv,    50,    51 98 

XV,    1-23    91 

x%',    22,    23,    28    84,  91 

XV,    23,    24    36 

xvi     94 

xvi,    1-13 93 

xvi,    13    184 

xvi,    11-13     85 

xvi — xxxi    16 

xvii    96 

xvii,    1,   2 (Map)  90 

xvii,    4     96 

xvii,    5-7.    38-40,    49    ...  91 

xvii,    34-36    155 

xvii,    45,    46    70 

xvii — xxi     95 

xvii — xxxi    83 

xviii,    4      91 

xix,    18  20     85 

XX,    36-40    91 

xxi,    1,   6     82 

xxii,    19     82 

xxii — xxxi    95 

XXV,    1    83 

XXV,    2 85 

XXV,    14-44    96 

XXV,   29 191 


Index  of  Scripture  Passages. 


205 


Page 

xxTi,  21    92 

xxviii,   3-19    S^l 

xxviii,   4 143 

XXX,   26-31    95 

xxxi,   3    91 

xxxi,   4,   5     91 

xxxi,   11-13     91 

2  SAMUEL. 

Entire    16,   96,    164 

j,  6-10 92 

i,   17-27 92 

i     18 91 

i— iv 90 

ii,   8— iv,   1    93 

ii,  23    1''^ 

V,   1-12    97 

V — ix 9o 

vi,    1-15 97 

vi,   6,   7 91 

vi,    15    12  J 

vii,  9,   16   93 

vii,   24    9S 

X — xxiv    ^'^ 

xii,   1-15    I'll 

xii,   1-23    97 

xii,    7-14    35 

xii,    24.    25    16 

xiv,    1-20     144 

xiv — xviii 93 

XV.    1-12    93 

xviii,  31-33    98 

1  KINGS. 

Entire    .  ., 10^,   1G4 

i,  3,  4 147,   148 

i,  32-40    100 

i — ii,   11    95 

i— ii,   13   16 

i — xi 16,   103 

ii    100 

ii,   13-25    147 

iii 101,    103 

iii,   7-14    85 

iii,   28    149 

iv 103 

iv,   9-28 108 

iv,   33    105 

V,   1-8 103,    105 

V,    12 101 

V,   13,    14    103 

V— viii     101 

vi,   1-7     103 

vi,   29-34     105 

viii,    1-30    104 

viii,   30,   38-42    105 

viii,    56    11'2 

is,    10-14,    16    101 

ix,   15-19,   26-28     105 

ix— xi    103 

X,   3,    13     106 

s,   27 105 

xi,   612     105 

xi,   26-40     108 

xi,  26 — xiv,   31    16 

xi,   28-31     112 

xi,   43 — xiv,   31    124 

xii,    1-20     108,    109 

xii,    15     T  1  2 

xii,   16-33    110 


Page 

xii,   21 — XV,   8 110 

xii,    28 — xiii,    5    112 

xii — XV,   9     117 

xii — 2  Kings  xvii 103 

xiii,    1-6,    33,   34    Ill 

xiii,    3,    5,   26,   32     112 

xiv,   1-6,    12-16     112 

xiv,   9,    15,   23    112 

xiv,   20 — 2  Kings  xvii.  .    10 

xiv,   21-31 112 

xiv,   31 — XV,    8 124 

xiv,  31 — 2  Kings  xxv,  21   16 

XV,    3    121 

XV,    8-24    124 

XV,    14 122 

XV,   16 — xvi,   6 117 

XV,   16 — xxii     116 

XV,   24 — xxii,   50    12  4 

XV,   25-31    117 

XV,   26,   34    118 

xvi,    6-14     117 

xvi,    15-20 117 

xvi,    16-28     117 

xvi,    24    118 

xvi,   29 — xxii,   40    117 

xvi,    31,   33 115 

xvii     157,    158 

xvii,  1 — 2  Kinss  ii,  12.160 
xvii,   1 — 2  Kings  xiii,  21    16 

xviii     158 

xviii,    1-24    160 

xviii,  21    160 

xviii,    25-46    161 

xviii,    37-39    125 

xix    159,    161 

xix,    11,    12,    15,    16 161 

xix,   16 — 2  Kings  xiii, 

21    160 

xix,    40 — XX,   2     107 

XX,    1-34    lis 

xxi,    17-29     159 

xxii,    34     116 

xxii,  40 — 2  Kings  i,  18.117 
xxii,    50 — 2    Kings   viii, 

24    124 

xxii,    51,    52    118 

2  KINGS. 

Entire    103,   164 

i,   ii,   1-12   159 

i — xvii    117 

ii    161 

iii 118,    IGO 

iii,    1 — ix,   26     117 

iii,    27    115 

iv,    8    148 

iv,   V    159 

V    162 

V,   25-27    3G 

vi,    8-17     162 

vi — X     160 

viii,    24 — ix,   28    124 

ix,    1 — X,    36     117 

ix,    11-20     118 

X,    10 112 

X,    29-36    118 

xi,    1-16     124 

xi,   12 — xii,  21    124 

xii,   21 — xiv,  21 124 

xiii    160 

xiii,   1-9    117 


Page 

xiii,  9 — xiv,   16    117 

xiv,    16-29     117 

xiv,   21 — XV,    7     124 

xiv,   23-29     119 

xiv,   25    197 

xiv,   29 — XV,    12 117 

XV,    7-38    124 

XV,  9-24    121 

XV,   13-15    117 

XV,   14-22    117 

XV,   19   116 

XV,   22-26    117 

XV,   25-31    117 

XV,   30 — xvii,   6    117 

XV,   38 — xvi,   20 124 

xvi     126 

xvi,   1-28     117 

xvi,   20 — XX,    21 124 

xvii,    1-8,    24-33    119 

xvii,   7-17    112 

xvii,    18,   22-41     119 

xviii,  9-12    117 

xviii,    13 — xix    126 

xviii — xxv    103 

xix,    14-22,   28,   35-37    .  .125 

xix,    35    123 

XX,  21 — xxi,   18 124 

xxi,   18-26     124 

xxi,   26 — xxii,  30    124 

xxii,    1-13    126 

xxii,   19     134 

xxii,    1 — xxiii,    14    126 

xxiii,   1-3    125 

xxiii,   1-6,   21-25    126 

xxiii,   28-30    126 

xxiii,    30-34    124 

xxiii,    34 — xxiv,   6    124 

xxiv,    6-17     124 

xxiv,    7    126 

xxiv,    14-16     128 

xxiv,    17 — xxv,    7 124 

xxv,    12    128,    129 

xxv,   22-29    16 

xxv,  22-30    128 

1  CHEONICLES. 

Entire    110 

i,    14-17    103 

i— ix    110 

viii,   ix    103 

X    91,   95 

X — sxix    16,   110 

xi — xxix 95 

XV,    17-21    138 

xvi,   4,  25,  36    142 

xvi,   29    50 

xvi,    39    82 

xvii,  1-15 98 

xvii,    7 98 

xxi,  29    82 

xxii,   8,  9   100 

xxiii,    5    142 

xxv,    1,    6-8     141 

xxviii,    4 98 

xxviii — 2   Chron.   ix....    16 
xxix,   29,   30 98 

2  CHEONICLES. 

Entire HO 

i— ix    110 

ii — vii 101 


2o6 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


V,    12,    13    142 

vi,   40    105 

vii,    14 125,   131 

ix,   1-12    105 

ix,   31 — xii    16,   124 

X    109 

X — xiii,    20    117 

X — xxxvi 110 

xi,  5-10    (map)    111 

xi,   7,   8    Ill 

xi — xiv,    1     110 

xii,    6,    7    134 

xii,    12     113 

xii,    14    121 

xii,    16 — xiv,    1     124 

xii,    16 — xxxvi,    21     ....    10 

xiii,    1-12    112 

xiii,    8-11    112 

xiii,    13-20     113 

xiv,   1 — xvii,   1     124 

xiv,   9-15     122 

xvi,    7-10     122 

xvii,    1-9    124 

xvii,    1 — xxi,    1     124 

xvii,    3,   4 118,    122 

xvii,   7-9    122 

xix,    1-3     122 

xix,    4-11    122,    124 

XX,   20-23    70 

XX,   20-30    125 

XX,    21,    22    141 

XX,    35-37    122 

xxi,   1 — xxii,   1    124 

xxii,    1-9    124 

xxii,    16 — xxiii,    15     ....124 
xxiii,    11 — xxiv,    27    ....124 

xxiv,    27 — xxvi,    1    124 

xxvi,    1-23     124 

xxvi,    23 — xxvii,    9     ....124 
xxvii,    9 — xxviii,    27    ...124 

xxviii     126 

xxviii,   1,   2    118 

xxviii,    1-15    125 

xxviii,    22    123 

xxviii,   27 — xxxii,  33    ..124 

xxix,   27    127 

XXX,   8-13,   21-27    125 

xxxi 142 

xxxii,    1-22    12(5 

xxxii,   33 — xxxiii,   20    ..124 

xxxiii,    12    134 

xxxiii,   20-25     124 

xxxiii,   25 — xxxvi,   1    ...124 

xxxiv,    14-32     ]  26 

XXXV,   20-25    120 

xxxvi,   1-3,   4-8,   8-10, 

10-21 124 

xxxvi,    11-23 125,    128 

xxxvi,  21 112,   128 

xxxvi,  22,  23 10 


Page 
NEHEMIAH. 

Entire    16,   132 

i — vii    132 

viii,    1-3,    8-12 125,   134 

viii — xii,    26 132 

xii,   27-44    132 

xiii,   4-9,   28-31    130 


ESTHER. 

Entire    16,   132 

i.   ii   132 

iii    132 

iy,    13-17 135 

iv,   v    132 

vi,   vii    132 

viii — X    132 

JOB. 

Entire,    11,   16,   22,    151-156 

151 

152 

154 

154 


1,  1 
i,  ii 
ii    .  . 


EZRA. 

Entire    16,   132 

i,   1 — ii,  2    128 

i — vi 132 

li.   66    134 

iii,   813    134 

iii,    10,   11    141 

V,   vi    130 

vii — X 132 

ix,   15 43 


111    151,    154 

iv 154 

iv,    10,    11 155 

IV — XXV 154 

ix,    5-9     155 

xii,   xiii,    1    152 

xiv,    18,    19     155 

XV,    17-19    152 

xix,    25,    26 176 

XX,    16 155 

xxiii,    10     56,    78 

xxvi,    13    155 

xxvi — xxxi     151,    154 

xxviii     155 

xxviii,   1-19    155 

-XXX,    29     155 

xxxi,    1-4,    24-40     35 

xxxii — xxxvii 154 

xxxiii,   28    149 

xxxiv,    10-12 43 

xxxvi,    27-33     155 

xxxviii     155 

xxxviii,    16-35    155 

xxxviii,    31-36    29 

xxxviii — xii    154 

xxxix,    1-12     155 

xl,    15 — xii    155 

xiii,    1-6    154 

-xHi,    5    155 

xiii,   7-17    154 


PSALMS. 
Entire    ....16,   22,   137-143 

i 136 

i — xii    140 

ii    142 

ii,    6-8    199 

iii    138 

iv     138 

vii    138 

vii,    1-10    191 

viii    28,    138 

XV    138 

xvi,   2,   5 98 

xvii,   15    155 

xviii    138 

xix,   1 29,   137|viii,   12-36    146,   149 


Page 

Jfxii    138,   142 

XXII,   1,   16-18    199 

xxiii    138,    139 

xxiii,   4 139 

XXIV 138 

xxxii    138 

xxxiv,    1    141 

xxxiv,    18    134 

xxxiv,    22    176 

xxxvi,    6    .'  .'    43 

xxxvii,   23     56 

xiii,    1,    2     98 

xiii — Ixxii 140 

xlv_ 138,    142 

Xlvi l/LQ 

1. 11 :i84 

I    23    141 

li.    17     134 

Ixv,    1    141 

Ixv,    2    105 

Ixxii    106,    141,    142 

Ixxii,    11,    12,    17 200 

Ixxii — Ixxxix    140 

Ixxxi,   2,   3    142 

Ixxxiv    141 

Ixxxv,    6    140 

Ixxxv,    10    169 

Ixxxvii     141 

Ixxxvii,   7    143 

Ixxxix,    14     169 

xc,    2    29 

xc,   xei    142 

xc — cvi    140 

xci,    1,    2,    14,    15 191 

xcii,    1-3    141 

xcii,    3 143 

xcv,    6    50 

xcviii,    5,    6     143 

xcix,    1,    8 85 

xcix,    9    63 

c    142 

ci    138 

ciii     142 

civ 142 

civ,    1-24     30 

civ,    24 29,    30 

cvii — cl 138 

ex    140,    143 

cxi,    10    149 

cxix 138 

cxix,    67    73 

cxix,    75-77 169 

cxx — cxxxiv    142 

cxxi 142 

cxxxvii 132,   141 

exxxviii,    2    112 

cxlv,    16,   17    27,  43 

cxlviii,    1-4,    813    141 

cl,   3-5 142 

PROVERBS. 

Entire    ...  .16,   22,   144-150 

i     146 

i,    20-33     144 

i — ix    148 

ii,    6,    7    149 

iii,    1-6,   9-18    148 

iii,    5,    6     149 

iv,    10-27     148 


Index  of  Scripture  Passages. 


207 


Page 

viii,   17   150 

ix,   10    146,    149 

X — xxii,  16    145,   148 

xi,   1    146 

xi,   13    149 

xii,    19     149 

xiv,   25    149 

XV,   1,  2,  23 149 

XV,   29 105 

xvi,    1,   28 149 

xviii,   22    146 

XX,   3     149 

xxii,   17 — xxiv,  22    ....148 

xxiii,   29-35    149 

xxiv,   23-34     148 

XXV,   1-11 145,    149 

XXV — xxix    145,   148 

xxviii,   5    140 

xxviii,   23    149 

XXX    148 

xxxi,   1-9    148 

xxxi,   10-31    148,   150 

xxxi,  26   149 

ECCLESIASTES. 

Entire    16,   22,   152-154 

i,   1-11     154 

i,   12 — viii,   15    154 

ii,   26    149 

iii,   9    153 

vii,   13,   14    153 

viii,    12    153 

viii,   16 — xii,   7    154 

ix,  2,   3 153 

ix,   10-18    156 

xii 156 

xii,   8-14 154 

xii,   18    153,   155 

SONG  or  SOLOMON. 

Entire    16,   22,    146-148 

i — V,   1    143 

ii,   10-13    147 

ii,   15,   17    155 

V,  2 — viii,  14    148 

viii,  6,  7    147 

ISAIAH. 

Entire  17;  173175 

— V 173 

— xii    174 

ii,   16-23    176 

V,   1-12    175 

V,   11,   12,  22,  23    176 

vi,   3    63 

vi,   8    161 

vi — xii    173 

vii,   14-16    175 

vii — ix    175 

ix,   1-7    199 

ix,   1-12    175 

X,     28-82 (map)    175 

xi,   2   184 

xi,   6   85 

xiii — xxiii 174 

xxii    126 

xxiv — xxvii    175 

xxvi,  3,  4 155 


xxvi,    19    193 

xxviii — xxxix    ....174,   175 

xxxiii    126 

xxxvi,   xxxvii    126 

xxxvii,   21-29    176 

xl 177 

xl,    8    112 

xl,   26    29 

xl— Ixvi    174,   175 

xliii,    1    17G 

xliv,    34 184 

xlix,    15,   16 170 

liii    177 

liii,    1-6 199 

liii,    3    177 

liii,   5    155,   176,   177 

liv,    11-14 155 

Ivii,   14-18    134 

Ixi,   1-3    184 

Ixvi,   23    50 

JEBEMIAH. 

Entire   17,  178-182 

i 178 

i,   2    178 

i,    14 179 

i — XX     182 

ii — vi    179 

vi,   1,  22,  23    179 

vi,   11-26 181 

vii 180 

viii — X    180 

ix,  24 169 

xi,   18-23    179 

xi,  xii   179 

xiii,  23    155 

xiii — xxi 180 

XV,   1 85 

XV,   17 179 

xvi,   2    179 

xviii,   18 144 

XX,   13 141 

xxi — xxxiii 181 

xxii,  20 — xxiv   180 

XXV    180 

xxvi,   17-19 172 

xxvi 180 

xxvi — xxxiv 180 

xxix,   4-14    132 

xxix,    10    128 

xxxi,    14,   25     155 

xxxi,    31-34 182,   200 

xxxii,   27    29 

xxxiv    183 

XXXV 180,   182 

xxxvi    180,   182 

xxxvi,    14-32 182 

xxxvi,   23,  29-31    91 

xxxvii — xxxix,   10    180 

xxxvii — xliv 182 

xxxix,   11 — xliv   180 

xliii,   1-8 128 

xliv,   1 182 

xlv 183 

xlv — Ii    180 

xlvi,  2    120 

xlvi — Ii    182 

xlix,   7-22 197 

Iii   180,   182 

Hi,  28-30    128 


LAMENTATIONS. 

Entire    17,   22,   180-182 

iii,   24   98 

EZEKIEL. 

Entire    11,   17,   181-185 

i 181 

i,    1-21     183 

i,   3,   28 181 

i — xxiv 183 

iii,    15    181 

vii,    14     184 

viii,    1    181 

xiv,    1    181 

xiv,   14 152,   191 

xvi 181 

xviii    181 

xviii,   1-4    185 

xviii,  20    181 

XXV — xxxii    182,   184 

xxvii   181 

xxviii,   3    191 

xxix,   16-18    181 

xxxiii    181 

xxxiii,    1-9    184 

xxxiii — xlviii    182 

xxxiv,   26    185 

xxxvi 181 

xxxvi,   7   184 

xxxvi,   22,   23     181 

xxxvi,   25-27,   155,    184,    185 

xxxvii    181 

xxxvii,    1-10    185 

xxxvii,   1-14   192 

xl — xlviii    181 

xlvii    133 

DANIEL. 
Entire,    11,   17,  22,  186-193 

1 186 

i,   1,  2 187 

i,   8   193 

i,   17    149 

i— vi 190 

ii,   1-24 189 

ii,   25-49    190 

ii,   34,   35,  44,   45 189 

iii    189 

iv,   29,    30 193 

iv,   30,   32,   33    187 

V    189 

V,    1-30    187 

V,   31 — vi,  28 188 

vi,    10-23    191,    192 

vii,   8,   11,  20-26    189 

vii,    13,    14 200 

vii,   27    191 

vii — xii    190 

viii,  9-14,   19-26    189 

ix,   14   43 

X,    1 191 

xi,   21-39    189 

xii,    1-3 192,    200 

HOSEA. 

Entire    ...17,  166-168,  198 

i — iii 168 

ii,   16-20   168 

ii,   19    169 


2o8 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 

iv,    2    165 

iv — xiv 168 

vi,   6    170 

T,    12 125 

xi,    1-4     176 

xi,    4    165 

xi,    8-11     169 

xii,    6     165 

xiv,   4    165 

xiv,   4-9     170 

xiv,   9    43 

JOEL. 

Entire    .  .  .17,   22,   197,   198 

i,     4 200 

ii,   28,    29    ..  .125,    184,    197 
ii,    28-32 201 

AMOS. 

Entire    ...17,   164-167,    198 

i,   1    164 

i,   ii    167 

iii,   1-8    164 

iii,   7    161 

iii — vi 167 

V,   14 170 

V,    15 169 

V,   vi    165 

vi,    1-7 168 

vi,   15    161 

vii,   10-12 166 

vii,    10-17 168 

vii,    15     165 

vii — ix     167 

OBADIAH. 

Entire    .  .  .17,   22,    197,   198 

Verses   1-9 197 

Verse   21 197,   201 

JONAH. 
Entire  17,  22,  194,  195,  198 

i,   1-8,   15,   16    194 

ii,   12    195 

iii,    1    195 

iii,   17-19    194 

MICAH. 
Entire    .  .  .17,    171-174,    198 

i,   1,   14 171 

i,   9-15    (map)    175 

i — iii    174 

ii,   iii 172 

iv,    1-5    171,    172 

iv,    V    174 

iv — vii     173 

V,   2-5 173,    174 

vi,    4    176 

vi,    6-8     174 

vi,    8    155 

vi,   16 114,    115 

vi,   vii 174 

NAHUM. 
Entire  17,  22,  194,  195,  198 

i,   1-8,   15,   16    194 

ii,   12    195 

iii,   1    195 

iii,   17-19    194 


Page 
HABAKKUK. 

Entire     .  .  .17,    22,    195,    198 

ii,    4     195 

ii,    12,    15    195 

iii 195,    198 

ZEPHANIAH. 
Entire     .  .  .17,    22,    195,    198 

i,    1    195 

iii,    1    195 

iii,    1-7,    13-20    198 

iii,    17    195 

HAGGAI. 
Entire  17,  22,  19.5,  196,  198 

i     200 

i,   4    196 

ZECHARIAH. 

Entire    .  .  .17,   22,    196,   198 

i — vi    196 

iii,    1-5    196 

iv     199 

iv,    6,    7    184,    196 

ix,    9    196 

xii,    10     196 

MALACHI. 

Entire    .  .  .17,   22,   196,   198 
iii     201 

MATTHEW. 

iv,   1-10    32 

vi,   11    56 

vi,   33    98 

vii,   7    105 

X,    29-31    56 

xi,   25,   26    85 

xii,   42     106 

xviii,    1-4    85 

xxi,    5    196 

xxii,    41,    42    98 

xxiii,    35    43 

xxiv,    35    112 

MARK. 
X,   27 29 

LUKE. 

ii,    19     55 

ii,    52    81,    149 

xiv,   7-11     149 

xxiv,   44    136 

JOHN. 

i.   11    55 

iii,   16    176 

iv,   20-24 50 

viii,    56    47 

xvii,    25     43 

xix,    37    196 

XX,    19-23    168 


Page 
ACTS. 

ii,   29-31    98 

X,    30,    31    105 

xiii,    22    98 

xvii,   28 56 

EOMANS. 

i,    20    29 

iii,    10-24    31 

V,    19   32 

vii,   28    56 

viii,    17    98 

viii,   28    155 

xi,    33-36     29 

1   CORINTHIANS. 
XV,   52 184 

GALATIANS. 
i,   15,   16    161 

COLOSSIANS. 

iii,   14    110 

iii,    16    141 

1  TIMOTHY. 

ii,    14    32 

2  TIMOTHY. 

iv,   17    179 

HEBREWS. 

i,   1,   2     198 

ii,    1     198 

xi,    4    39 

xi,   29,   30    59,   70 

xii,    24    43 

xiii,    15    141 

JAMES, 
v,   16    105 

1   PETER, 
i,   15,   16     63 

1  JOHN. 

ii,   16    32 

iii,   12   43 

REVELATION. 

ii,   7    33 

vii.   9    141 

viii,   3,   4    105 

viii,   6    184 

xvi,   7   43 

xviii,   17    112 

xxi,   3,   7 98 

xxii,   2,   14 33 

xxii,  9    50 


GENERAL  INDEX. 


[Page  number  of  text-book,  after  name  of  modern  author,  shows  where  he  Is 
quoted;  such  number  after  title  (often  abbreviated)  of  book  following  author's 
name  gives  place  of  first  reference  to  book;  and  after  (Map)  or  (Chart)  page  where 
same  is  found,  1  meaning  title  page.] 


Aaron  ..58-60,  64,  80,   110 

Abdon     74 

Abel    38,    39,    43 

Abel-meholah 161 

(Map)   111. 

Abiathar    100 

Abigail    95 

Abijah,      son      of      Jero- 
boam      109 

Abijam,    king   of   Judah, 

20,  21,  110,  121,  124 

(Chart)    120. 

Abimelech    73 

Abinadab    82 

Abner 98,   107 

Abraham..  9,   19,  45-52,  54, 
131 

(Chart)   44,   (Map)  49. 

' '  Abrech' '     54 

Absalom 95,    98,    107 

Acco 131 

(Maps)    77,    175. 

Achan    68 

Achish  of  Gath 95 

Acrostic     Psalms 138 

Adam 27,   32,   38,   52 

(Chart)   44. 

Adam,    city   of 67 

Adams,   John 198 

The  Minor  Prophets.  .    11 
Adeney,    W.    F.,     editor 

New    Century    Bible..    11 

Adonijah    100 

Adoram     109 

Adullam     91 

(Map)   90. 

Afflictions 151,     152 

Ahab 20,   115-117,    122, 

158-160 

(Charts)   120,  163. 
Ahaz,    king   of   Judah.  .    21, 

120,    122-124,    126,    171, 
175 

(Chart)    120. 
Ahaziah,   king  of  Israel, 
20,    116,    117,    122,    159 

(Chart)    120. 
Ahaziah,  king  of  Judah, 

21,   122,   124,   100 

(Chart)    120. 
Ahijab,       the      prophet, 

102,  108,  110,  112 


Page 

Ahinoam 95,   96 

Ai    68 

(Map)   1. 
Aijalon    Ill 

(Map)   111. 
Alamoth     138 

Alexander's   empire 

(Map)    133. 
Alexandria    131 

(Maps)   62,  133. 

Allegories     181 

Altar       of      burnt-sacri- 
fice     130 

(Maps)   104,  140. 

Altars,    alien 102 

Amalekites    74,   95 

Amaziah,    high    priest,    166, 
168 

King   of   Judah, 

21,   120,  124 

(Chart)  120. 
American    Revised    Ver- 
sion   7,  12,  13 

Amittai    197 

Ammonites 75,    86,    88 

Amnon    95 

Amon,     king    of    Judah,   21 
124 

(Chart)    120. 

Amorites    67 

Amos 164-169,    174 

Book   of,   22,   169-174. 

(Chart)    163. 
AmrapheJ-    46,   50 

See  also  Hammurabi. 

Anakim    67 

Anathoth    100,   178,   179 

(Map)    84. 

Anderson,    W.    F 13 

Angels     40 

Anger    146 

Animals    of    Old    Testa- 
ment     85,    155 

Antiochus    Epiphanes, 

131,  188 

Apes    102 

Apocalyptic  writings, 

187-189,  196 
Arabia    101 

(Maps)    183,    190. 

Arabic   manuscript 66 

Arabs,     Bedouin 74 

209 


Page 
Ararat,    Mount 43 

(Map)    183. 
Ark,    of  Noah 42 

Of  tabernacle 80, 

82,   95,    97. 
Armenia    43 

(Map)    183. 

Armor 91,    96,    102 

Art 41,    43 

Artaxerxes    130 

Asa 21,    122,    124 

(Chart)   120. 

Asaph    138 

Ascension    159 

Ashdod    87,    131 

(Map)  90. 
Asher,   Tribe  of 86,   109 

(Map)    1. 

"Asherim"     132 

Ashkelon    87 

(Map)   90. 
Assyria.  ..  .11,  22,  43,  116- 
118,    167,   174,    195 

(Maps)  14,  183; 
army  smitten,  123, 
125. 

Astronomy    27 

Athaliah 21,    122,    124 

(Chart)    120. 

Atonement    177 

Azekah    Ill 

(Map)   ni. 
Azotus    131 

(Map)  199. 

Baal 115,    158,    160, 

161,    167 

Baalath    102 

Baalbek    154 

(Map)    18. 

"Baali"     168 

Baalim     73 

Baasha,    king   of    Israel, 

20,    22,    114,    117,    120 

(Chart)    120. 
Babylon..  46,    123,    126, 

128,     129,     141,     187, 

191 

(Maps)    14,    49,    183. 

See  also  Chaldeans. 


2IO 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 
Babylonia.  .11,     26,     28, 

54,    134,    141 
(Map.s)    14,    183. 
Babylonian  empire.  New, 

or     Chaldean 125, 

126,     129,     189,     191 
(Map)    14. 
Ball,    O.    J.,    Light    from 

the  East 59 

Barak 73,    74,    86,    107 

(Map)    77. 
Barnicott,  O.  R.,  Primer 
of  Old  Testament  His- 
tory          8 

Bass,   in   music 138 

Bathsheba    95 

Baxter,    Richard 167 

Beardslee,    J.    W.  ..138, 

153,    197 
Introduction     to      Old 

Testament    8 

Beasts,   in  Daniel 188 

Of    burden 134 

Beechor,    W.    J 90 

Beersheba 47,   53,   87 

(Map)    49. 
Belshazzar.  .  .187,   188,   191 

Benhadad    115 

Bennett.   W.   H 71 

Genesis   (N.  C.  B.)   43. 
Joshua  and    Conquest,      9 

Bernard,    ,T.   H 37 

Bethel.  .47,    53,    55,    72, 
82,      109,      111,      161, 
166.    168. 
(Maps)    18,  84,  111. 

Beth-horon    102 

(Map)     190 

Bethlehem 83,    94,    172 

(Map)    84. 
Bethshan      (Bethshean), 

72,    131 
(Maps)    77,    111,    199. 
Bethsliean.        See     Beth- 
shan. 
Bible, 

Hunger    for 4 

Spiritual    nourishment 

of    6 

History  of    7 

Study  course 7 

Men    of 8 

Women    of 8,    9 

Constructive    work.  .  .    13 
Natural   language   of.. 115 
Inspiring      revival,       123, 
126 
Editing  of  Books.  .  .  .129 
Formation    of    canon.. 131 
Hebrew  basis.... 23,   164 
See  also  Old  Testa- 
ment. 
Bibliotheca    Sacra...  19.    40 

Bildad     151 

Bitter    Lakes 63 

(Map)    62. 

Black    Obelisk 116 

Blaikie,    W.    G., 

Bible   History 7 


Page 
'  'Book-town" 

(Keriath-sepher)    ....    69 
Boscawen,  W.  St.  O.  .  .  .188 
Boundaries    of    tribes. 
See  Tribes. 

Brick-making     59 

Brooks,    Phillips 127 

Brown,     Theron,     Name- 
less  Women   of   Bible,      9 

Browne,    Bishop 24 

Budde,      Karl,     Religion 

of    Israel 118 

Burney,   C.   F.,   Old  Tes- 
tament    Theology.  ...       8 

Burnt-offering    63 

Buzi,    Ezekiel's   father,   181 

Cain    38,  39 

Caleb 66,  74 

Calkin,   J.   B.,   Bible 

Lands    12 

"Calves"     for    worship, 

109,  110,    112 
Canaan    47,    66,  73 

(Map)    42. 

Canaanites   .  .46,  67,  72,   76 

Canon  of  Old  Testa- 
ment     187 

Captives. 

Companies    of 123 

Numbers  from  Judah,  180 

Carchemish 47,    125 

(Map)    49. 

Battle  of.  ..126,   179,   195 

Carlyle,   Thomas 151 

Carmel,     Mount.  ...  158, 

161,   162 
(Maps)    18,   77. 

Chaldeans,  or  New 
Babylonian  empire, 

179,  194,  195 
(Chart)    163. 

Character 83,    117, 

145,   148 

Chariots    74,    102 

Charts. 

Use  of    12,    13 

List    of 14 

Ohebar,   the 181,    185 

Cheerfulness    146 

Chemosh     115 

Cherith,    brook 158,   161 

(M.ap)    111. 

Cherubim    33,   36 

Child. 

Influence  of.  .81,  83,   162 
In   prophecy    ...173,    175 

Christ. 

Types  of 55,   56,   84 

Spirit  of 182,    184 

.See  also  Jesus  Christ. 

Christian    life 150,    170 

Chronicler,    The.. .110,    123 

Chronicles,    Books    of, 

110,  112,   136 
Chronology   of   Old   Tes- 
tament   .  .  .  .19-22,  40,  75 
Ussher,    19-21,    40. 


Page 

Church,    The 4,    46, 

129,    189 

Circumcision    51,    67 

Cities. 

Of    the    Plain 50,    52 

Of  refuge    68 

Of    the    Levites 68 

Of    Philistines 87 

Fortified    102,    109 

Citv  of  David. 
(Map)    104. 

Civilization     41 

Clarke,   W.   N.,    Chris- 
tian   Theology     32 

Cleansing     63 

Cobern,    C.   M 187 

Commentary    on 

Ezekiel  and  Daniel, 
11. 
Code  of  Hammurabi. 
See   Hammurabi  . 

Commerce    101,   102 

Communion 63,    137 

Conquest     of     Palestine, 

9,   13,  19,  66-68,   70 

Conversions    150 

Conviction     63 

Co-regencies   ..21,   120,   173 
(Chart)    120. 

Courage     189 

Of  Amos,   106. 

Covenant,  sign  of 43 

Book  of,   60,   61. 
New,    182. 

Creation     23-30 

(Chart)    44. 
Creator    .  .  .25,   26,   28,    155 

Cross    of    Christ 183 

Crossing  of  Jordan.. 66,    69 

Cubit,    length   of 42,   96 

Culture    41 

Cushan-rishathaim     ....    74 

Cymbals    138 

Cyrus 21,    129,    187, 

188,    191,    192 

Damascus.  .  .  .47,    118,    123 
(Maps)    49,    111. 

Damieh    Ford 47,    67 

Dan,  city  of.  .87,   109,   111, 
131 
(Maps)    111,  199. 
Tribe  of,   75,   86,    109. 

Dana,   J.    D 24 

Daniel.  .11,  13,  21,  22,  128. 
129,     152,     186,     189- 

193 
(Chart)    163. 
Book   of,    11,   22,    164, 

186-192. 
(Chart)   163. 

Darius    the   Mede 188 

David.  .10,    13,    20,    83, 

85,    87-100,    116,    138 
(Maps)     84,     90,     97, 

104. 
(Chart)    120. 
Davidic     Psalms 188 


General  Index. 


211 


Page 

Davidaoa,    A.   B 81 

Exilo  and  Restoration, 

10. 
Commentary    on    Job, 

11. 
Theology  of   Old  Tes- 
tament, 155. 

Davies,    T.    W 101 

Bavies,    W.   "¥f. 

Codes    of    Hammurabi 
and  Moses,  11. 
Davis,    J.   D. 

Genesis   and   Semitic 

Tradition,   9. 
Bible    Dictionary,    12. 
Davison,      W.     T..      106, 
137,     138,     112,     146, 

151,    154,    156 
Praises  of  Israel 
(Psalms)    10. 
Wisdom,  Literature...    10 

Dawson,   J.  W 24,    63 

Dead    Sea 60,    133 

(Map)    13. 
Deaue,  Henry. 

Daniel  and  his  Times,   11 
Deborah.. 73,  74,  76,   78, 

86,    107 
(Map)     77. 
Decalogue.      See    Ten 

Commandments. 
Declensions,    National, 

116-124 
Dedication,  Spiritual...  63 
Degrees,  Psalms  of....  113 
Delitzseh,  Friedrich.  . .  .  187 
Deluge.  See  Flood. 
Descent   into   Egypt.  .19,    53 

Desert,    Arabian 1!'>2 

(Map)    190. 

Denney,    James 34 

Atonement    and    Mod- 
ern Mind,   32. 
Deuteronomic    Code....    61 
Deuteronomy,     Book    of, 

61,    62 

Diboa    115 

(Map)    111. 

Diligence    146,    150 

Disobedience     32 

Dispersion,    Jewish 131 

Division  of  Hebrew  peo- 
ple     107,   108,   110 

Dods,    Marcus 50 

Commentary  on   Gene- 
sis,  11. 

Doeg    88 

Dothan     55 

(Map)    7T. 

Dress    144,    173 

Driver,    S.    R 50,    53, 

155,     187-189,     197,     198 
Isaiah,   10. 

Commentary  on  Gene- 
sis,  11. 
Introduction  to  Old 
Teatanent,    132. 
Duty.    Micak's    snm- 

m«ry 174 


Page 

Dvnasties    114,    115 

"(Chart)    120. 

"Early    Judges" 73-75 

East-Jordanic   terri- 
tory. .  .  .60,    75,    109,    154 

(Maps)    1,   18,    199. 
Ebal,    Mount 70 

(Maps)     18,    199. 
Ebenezer    82 

(Maps)    84. 

Eber,    Dr 63 

Ecclesiastes,   Book  of, 

22,    144,    152-156 
Eden 28,    29,    31,    33 

(Map)    35. 

Edom    60,    197 

Education,    in   Baby- 
lonia        45 

Ehud 74,    86 

Eiselen,    F.    C 13 

Ekron    87 

(Map)   90. 
Elah,   king  of  Israel, 

20,    114,    117,    120 

(Chart)    120. 
Elam    129 

(Map)    183. 
Elders  following 

Joshua    19,    68 

Eli 9,   73,  80-85,   100 

Eliashib    130 

Eliezer,    Abraham's 

steward    48 

The    prophet 122 

Elihu    151 

Elijah 10,   22,    157- 

162,    164 

(Map)    111. 

(Chart)    163. 

Eliphaz    151 

Elisha 10,    22,    157, 

159-162,   164 

(Map)    111. 

(Chart)    163. 

Elkanah    80 

"Elohim"     (God) 29 

■•Elkoshite,"     The 194 

Elon    74 

Endor    89 

(Map)    77. 
Engedi    91 

(Map)   90. 

Enoch    38,    40 

Environment    27 

Egypt.  .  .  .9,    11,    13,    19, 

45,   53-56,    59,   64,   67, 

100-102,       108,       128, 

129,    131,    179,    180 

(Maps)    4,    49,    62. 

Of  the  Ptolemies,  191. 

(Map)  190. 
Ephraim,    Mount 74 

Tribe   of 86,    108,    109 

(Map)    1. 

Division    102,    107 

E;au    53  55 

Esdraelon,    Plain    of..  74-77 

(Map)    77. 


Page 

Essenes    131 

Esther 135,     136 

(Map)    183. 

Book    of 130,    134 

Ethbaal   115 

Ethiopia     195 

Euphrates     28 

(Maps)    35,   183. 

Eve 29,   32,   33,   38,   53 

(Chart)    44. 
Evil,   Moral.  .37,   39,   40, 

52,   153 

Speaking    146 

Spirit    ..32,    36,    154,    196 

Exile,   The 10,    11, 

13,  21,  128,  129,  132 

134,    152 
(Maps)     14,    62,    183, 

Length    of 128 

(Chart)    163. 

Conditions     132 

Prophet   of    181 

Return    journey     .  .  . .134 
(Map)    49. 
Exodus,  The.  .19,  58-64, 

66 
(Maps)    4,    62. 
(Chart)    44;   Book  of, 

60,   62 
Ezekiel.  .  .  .  11,    22,    129, 
132,    152,    178,    181- 

185,    191 
(Map)    183 

Book    of .    164 

(Chart)    163. 

Ezion-geber    102 

(Map)    97. 

Ezra 21,    130,    134 

(Chart)     163. 
Book  of   136 

Fables    144 

Fairbairn,  A.  M. 

Christ  in  Theology.  .  .    35 
Faith    .  .  .46-48,   51,   70- 

73,     153,     176 
Fall  of  Man  and  re- 
sults  32-37 

Fallows,    Samuel,    editor 
Bible    Encyclopffidia.  .    12 

Farah,    Wady 47 

(Maps)    18,    199. 

Feasts,     Hebrew 64 

Firstborn   slain 59 

Fleet,    for   trade 102 

Flood 19,    38,    40-44 

(Chart)    44. 

"Polly"     145 

Freedom,  Moral 32,   39 

Friendship     149 

Froude,    J.    A 151 

Future    life 152 

Gad.  Tribe  of.  .60,   86,   109 

(Map)    1. 
Galilee 130,    197 

(Map)   199. 

Garments    78,   102 

Gath    87,  95 

(Map)   90. 


212 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 

Gathhepher 197 

(Maps)    77,    199. 
Gaza    87,   131 

(Maps)    90,    199. 
Genesis,  Book  of.  .9,  11, 

23-29,   34,  49,   54 

(Chart)    44. 
Genung,   G.   F 152,   154 

Epic  of  Inner  Life.  .  .152 

Geology 24,    25,    27 

Gerar    47 

(Map)    49. 
Gerizim,    Mount...  .70,    130 

(Map)    199. 
Gezer 72,   101,    102 

(Map)   90. 

Gibeonites    68 

Gibson,   J.   M 43 

Ages  Before  Moses,  40. 
Gideon.  .73-75,   78,   79,   107 

(Map)    77. 
Gihon,     Stream 23 

(Map)    35. 

Spring.,  (maps)    104,    140 
Gilboa,    Mount..  75,    89,    95 

(Map)    77. 
Gilead 75,    158 

(Map)    1. 

People    of 87 

Gilgal 67,   82 

(Maps)    1,   84. 

Gilmour,    James 141 

Girgashites    67 

Given,    J.   J. 

Kings   of   Judah 10 

Glacial    era 19 

God 25,  26,  29,  43,  152 

Praise    of 141,    142 

Majesty 174 

Attributes  and  gra- 
cious works.  .29,  33, 
43,  52,  56,  59,  63, 
78,  85,  91,  98,  105, 
112,  113,  125,  134, 
143,  155,  161,  164, 
169,    172,    173,    176, 

182,   188,   191,   196 
Gods,    false..  102,    108,    123 

Goethe 79,    151 

Gold    102 

Goliath 89,   94,    96 

(Map)    90. 

Goodness    83 

Goshen    58,    59 

(Map)   62. 
Gospel,    Promise 36 

Advance    toward.  ...  182, 
183,    185 

Grace    183 

Grain,    Storing  of 59 

Greek,    Cities    in    Pales- 
tine     131,   200 

(Map)    199. 

Empire    189 

(Map)  133. 

Language    131 

Period. 

See  Jewish  history. 


Page 
Green,    "W.    H.,    "Prom- 
eval  Chronology' ' .  .  .  .    40 

Gubaru 187,    188 

Gulf  of  Suez 63 

(Map)    62. 

Guyot,  A.  H 24 

Habakkuk 179,    195 

Book  of.  .22,   194,   195, 

198 

(Chart)   163. 

Habiri    67 

Habor  River 118 

(Map)    14. 

Hagar    4G 

Ilaggai 130,    195,   200 

Book  of.  .22,  194-196, 

198 

(Chart)   163. 
Halah    118 

(Map)    14. 
Hamath    118 

(Maps)    14,    49. 
Hamitic  peoples. 

(Map)    42. 
Hammurabi.  ...  19,     45- 

47,    50 

Code  of 11,  45-47, 

61,  64 
Hanani,  The  prophet.  .122 
Hananiah,       The       false 

prophet    180 

tlandwriting   on    wall... 187 

Hannah     81 

Haran 46-49,   53,   55 

(Map)   49. 
Harod,  Well  of 75 

(Map)    77. 
Harosheth 74 

(Map)    77. 
Harper,    R.    P. 

Code    of   Hammurabi.    47 

Harps 138 

Harvey-Jellie,  W. 

Ezekiel 11 

Hastings,  James,  edi- 
tor Dictionary  of 
Bible,    12. 

Hazael 116,    118,    159 

Hazor    74,    102 

(Map)    77. 

Heart,    New 181,    185 

Hebrew. 

History    .  .  .7-12,   80,   131 

Monarchies    ..10.    86-127 
(Chart)    22,    120. 

Musical     instruments .  142 

National   Life 86-135 

Poetry 137,    138, 

141,   151 

Prophets   ...  .17,   157-201 
(Chart)     163. 

Singers    and    Wisdom 
Writers    136-156 

Spirit    80,    81 

"Hebrew,"    Meaning   of 

term    46,    50 

Hebrews,  The.  .  .  .7,   22, 

58,   67,    100,   102,   108 

See   also   Israel. 


Hebron.  .47,  50,  53,  55, 

72,   95 

(Maps)  49,  90. 

Heman    138 

Heredity     27 

Hermon,    Mount 152 

(Maps)   1,  18. 

Herods,    The 131 

Hezekiah.  .21,  120,  122- 

126,     140,     145,     152, 

171,    172,    195 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Hiddekel    28 

(Map)    35. 

"High   places" 112 

Hilkiah,   Jeremiah's 

father    178 

Hill   Country 68,    166 

Hiram    101 

Hittites    67 

Hivites    67 

Holiness,   Law  of 61 

Of    God 181 

Holy    Spirit.  .4,    26,    79, 

83,      145,      179,      181, 

184,    185,    196,    197,    200 

Hommel,    Fritz 46 

Hor,     Mount 60 

(Map)   4. 
Horeb,    Mount 158,    161 

(Map)    4. 
Horn,   Little,   in  Daniel.  189 
Horner,    Joseph. 

Daniel,      Darius      and 

Cyrus    188 

Horses    102 

Horton,   R.  P. 

Minor     Prophets     (N. 
C.   B.),    170. 
Hosea 166-169,    174 

Book  of 22,   167 

(Chart)    163. 
Hoshea,  king  of  Israel, 

20,  117 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Houses  and  furnish- 
ings     165,   169 

Human       race,        Begin- 
ning of 19,   41 

Unity    of 39 

Humility     174 

Hurlbut,    J.    L. 

Bible   Atlas    12 

Hyksos    kings..  19,    53,    54 

Ibzan     74 

Idolatry    123,   129 

Image,    in  Daniel 188 

"Immanuel"      173 

Immorality,    in    Israel, 

165,  167 

Incense    109 

Influence   and  example, 

118-120,  176,   181,   184 
Inscriptions,    43,    45,    54, 
114,    115,    139,    187,    192 
See  also  Monuments. 
Instruments,     musical.  ..142 


General  Index. 


213 


Page 

Intemperance,   167,   175, 

176,  195 

Isaac    48,   51 

Isaiah,  10,  122,  123,  125, 

171-179 

Book  of,  22,  129,  173-177 

(Chart)    163. 

Ishbosheth    107 

"Ishi"    168 

Israel,  kingdom  of,   109- 

122,   159 

Territory     109 

(Map)    111. 

Population    109 

Dynasties    114 

(Chart)    120. 

Kings    (see  Kings). 

League   with    Syria.  ..175 

End 117,    119,    171 

(Charts)    120,   163. 
Israel,   people  of,   66-68, 

75,    76,    80,    87,    95,    107 

See  also   Hebrews. 
Issachar,    tribe   of,    86,    109 

(Map)    1. 
Iverach,    James,    Moses.      9 
Ivory 102 

Jabbok    47 

(Maps)    1,    18,    199. 
Jabesh-gilead,    88,    91,     111 

(Map)    111. 

Jabin    74 

Jacob     52-56 

Jacob-el    54 

Jael    74 

Jair     74 

Japhetic  peoples. 

(Map)    42. 

Jebel    Madurah 60 

Jebel    Musa 59 

Jebus    101 

(Maps)    84,   104. 

Jebusites    67 

Jehoahaz,  king  of  Israel, 

20,   117 

(Chart)   120. 
Jehoahaz,  king  of  Judah, 

21,   124,   179 

(Chart)   120. 
Jehoiachin 21,   124,   180 

(Chart)    120. 
Jehoiakim,   21,    124,   179, 

180,   184,   187 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Jehoram,  king  of  Judah, 

21,    122,    124,   159,    197 

(Charts)    120,   163. 

See  also  Joram. 
Jehoshaphat. .  .  .21,    115, 

122,    124,    125,   159 

(Chart)    120. 
Jehovah,  29,   70,   72,   81, 

108-110,    145,    146 
Jehu,  20,   116-118,   122,   159 

(Chart)    120. 
Jephthah    74-78,   86 


Page 
Jeremiah,   10,   128,   129, 

132,   172,    178-184 

Book  of,  22,  164,  178- 

184,   197 

(Chart)   163. 
Jeremias,  Johannes. 

Moses     and     Hammu- 
rabi      61 

Jericho 66-68,    161 

(Map)    84. 
Jeroboam,  20,  102,  107-114 

(Map)    111. 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Jeroboam  II,    20,    116, 

170,   119,   166,   197 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Jerusalem,     72,    95,    97, 

101-104,      108,      110, 

129,     141,     168,     172, 

173    195. 

Destroyed.  .21,    124,    197 

Walls    rebuilt 130 

(Maps)   104,  140. 

Jesse 83,    94 

Jesus    Christ,    4,    26,    32, 

47,    53,    56,      63,    81, 

84,    106,    131,   136. 

(Chart)    44. 

In  Psalms,  142,  149,  168 

In    Micah 172,    173 

In   Isaiah.  ..173,    175-177 

In  Daniel 188,   189 

In   Zechariah 196 

Summary     200 

See  also  Christ. 

Jewels    155 

Jewish  history,   21,  128,  129 

Persian   period..  130,    131 

(Map)    133. 

Greek    period.  .  .130,    131 

(Map)    133. 

Maccabean   period.  .  ..131 

Roman    period 131 

Jews     46,    128-134 

Origin   of   term 128 

Religious  develop- 
ment, 134. 

Sects    131 

In   Egypt    184 

Jezebel,    115,    119,    122, 

158,    160 
Jezreel,   of  Israel 161 

(Maps)    77,   111. 

Of    Judah 96 

Valley    of    75 

(Map)    77. 

Joab    98,   100 

Joash,   king  of  Israel, 

20,  117 

(Chart)    120. 
Joash,   king  of  Judah, 

21,    124,  160 

(Charts)   120,  163. 
Job 35,    36,    151-154 

(Map)    111. 

Book     of     22,     144, 

151,    156 


IPage 
Joel    197 

Book    of,    22,     194 

197,    198 

(Chart)    163. 
John  the  Baptist,   169,   196 
Johns,    C.    H.    W.,     45,    46 

Code    of    Hammurabi.    11 
Jonah,    22,    119,    197,    201 

Book   of,    22,    194, 

197,    198,    201 

(Chart)   163. 

Jonathan 89,    91,   92 

Joram    (Jehoram),    king 

of  Israel.  .  .20,    116,    117 

(Charts)    120,   163. 
Jordan,     River,     46,    47, 

66,     67,     75,     86,    93, 

109,    118,   157. 

(Map)    1. 

Valley,    67,    68,   70. 

152,    154 

(Map)   18. 
Joseph,     9,     13,     19,     53-57 

(Maps)    49,   62,   77. 

Joseph-el     54 

Josephus    178 

Joshua,     general,    9,    13, 

19,   66-72,   107. 

Book   of 67,    164 

High-priest    196 

Josiah,     21,     123-126, 

178,    179 

(Chart)    120. 
Jotham,    king   of   Judah, 

21,    22,    120,    124,    171 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Judah,    son   of  Jacob...    56 

Tribe    of,    86,    87,    95, 
102,    105,    107. 

(Map)    1. 

Kingdom  of,    109-114, 

116,      121-127,      171, 
172,   176. 

(Chart)    120. 

Territory    109 

(Map)    111. 

Population     109 

Kings  of   (See  Kings). 

Captivity   of 178,    180 

(Charts)    120,   163. 

Persian  province   of, 

(Map)   133. 

In   Greek  period. 

(Map)   133. 

See    also    Jewish    his- 
tory. 

Judaism    130,    131 

Judges  or  deliverers,  20, 

•    72-85 

Book  of 72-79,    164 

Judgment    40,    43 

Justice,   122,   165,   169,   174 

of  God    43 

Kadesh-barnea    60,   66 

(Map)    4. 
Kedesh-naphtali     74 

(Map)    77. 

Kenites 67 

Kenizzites     67 


214 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 
Kennedy,    On    the    Book 

of  Jonah   198 

Kent,    C.   P 128,    131 

Wise   Men   of   Israel..    11 

History     of     the     He- 
brew   People 117 

History  of  the  Jewish 

People     128 

Keriath-jearim    84 

(Map)    81. 

Keriath-sepher     69 

Kinah     measure 180 

Kingdom    of    David    and 

Solomon     96,    100 

(Map)    97. 
Kingdom  of  God,  46,  47, 

188,   189,   197 

of    heaven 190 

Kingdom  of  Israel. 

See  Israel. 
Kingdom  of  Judah. 

See   Jndah. 
Kings,      Books   of,     110, 

112,    164 
Kings  of  Israel. 

Chronology    of 20 

Character     114-120 

Scripture    outline.  ..  .117 

(Chart)    120. 
Kings  of  Judah. 

Chronology    of 21 

Character    121-126 

.Scripture    outline 124 

(Chart)    120. 
Kirkpatrick,   A.  F.,   138, 

157,    171,    174,    197 

Doctrine  of  the  Proph- 
ets     10 

Cambridge    Bible    for 

Schools 140 

Kishon,    River 74,    76 

(Map)    77. 
Kittel,     R.,     History    of 

the    Hebrews 78 

Klein,     P 115 

Kno.xLittle,    W.    J. 

David     10 

Koheleth     152 

Korkhah    (Dibon) 115 

(Map)    111. 

Laban    53 

Labor    35,    36 

Forced 59,    102 

Lachish     Ill 

(Maps)   1.  111. 
Lamentations,    Book    of, 

22,    164,    180 

Lamps     75 

Land   tenure   in   Israel, 

71,    172,    175.    176 
Law,  the  Mosaic.  23,  59- 

C4,    130,    136 

The    Babylonian 46 

Leadership    174 

Leah    53 

Lebanon,    Mount.  .  .93,    170 

(Maps)    1,    18. 

Leprosy    159 

Levites,  The 82,  109 


Ptige 

Levitical   Code 60,   61 

Leviticus,    Bi>ok   of.  ...60-62 

Life    development 27 

Lions    192,   195 

Literature,    Psalms 142 

Job     155 

Locusts     200 

Lot    48,    49 

Love,  of  God  and  neigh- 
bor        63 

Divine,  165,  167,  169, 

176,   198,   201 

Natural    146,    147 

Loving-kindness, 

165,  169,  174 

Luther 140,   168 

Luxor     154 

Luxury,    105,    108,    165, 

166,  173,   176 

Maccabseus,  Judas, 

Jonathan,    Simon 131 

Maccabees,  age  of,  188,  189 

See   also   Jewish   History. 
MacCoun,    Townsend. 

Holy    Land 12 

Machnow,  Russian  giant,  96 
Machpelah,  cave  of,  46,  47 
Maclntyre,   R.   G. 

Elijah    and    Elisha...    10 

Magnificat    81 

Malachi    196 

Book  of,  22,  130,  194, 

196,  198,  201 

(Chart)    163. 
Man,    creation    of 23-30 

Innocence 31 

Place    in   universe,    25-29 

Fall    32-36 

Manasseh,  king  of  Judah, 

21,    123,    124,    178 

(Chart)    120. 

Tribe   of 60,    86,    109 

(Map)    1. 
Manda    188 

(Map)    183. 

Manna    59 

Maon 91 

(Map)  90. 
Maps  and  Charts,  list  of,  14 
Mareshah    Ill 

(Map)    111. 
Maritime   Plain 87,   91 

(Map)    18. 

Marriage 29,    48,    130 

Martyrs    188,    191 

Isaiah    178 

Jeremiah     180 

Mary,   mother  of  Jesus.    81 

Mashal    144 

Matheson,  George, 

39,  47,  182 

Representative  Men  of 

the  Bible    8 

Meal-offering     63 

Medes,    The 188 

(Map)    183. 
Medo-Persian    empire.  ..189 
(Map)    133. 


Page 
Megiddo 72,  102,  125 

(Map)    77. 

Battle    of 126,    179 

Memphis    182 

(Map)    62. 
Men    of    the    Old    Testa- 
ment     166 

Meuahem,  king  of  Israel, 

20,    117,    166,    167 

(Chart)   120. 

Mercy    146 

Merenptah    1'.) 

Merom,     Lake 74 

(Maps)   1,   77. 
Mesha 115,  118,  159 

(Map)    111. 

Mesopotamia 45 

Messiah,    The,    in   Micah 

and  Isaiah 175,    176 

Metals 15.'. 

Micah    171-176 

Book  of 22,   171-176 

(Chart)    163. 

(Map)    175. 

Michal    89,    94 

Midianites     74 

(Map)    4. 
Migdol    182 

(Map)    62. 

Miller,    Hugh 24 

Mining    155 

Minor  Prophets, 

129,    194-201 

(Chart)    163. 

Miriam    64 

Missions    137,    141 

Mizpah    82,    88 

(Map)    84. 
Moab 60,    95,    115 

(Maps)   1,   111. 

Moabite    Stone, 

115,  118,  119 

(Map)    111. 
Monuments,    ancient, 

9,    11,    59,    102 

gee   also   Inscriptions. 
Moody,    D.   L., 

62,    91,    98,    184 
Moore,   G.   F 74,    83 

Commentary    oi» 

Judges     74 

Moral     factor 145 

"Morashtite,"    The 171 

Moresheth-gath   171 

(Map)    175. 
Morgan,    G.    Campbell.  ..165 

Moriah,     Mount 101 

Moses,   9,    13,   58-66,   81,    84 

Code    of 11 

Books  of 23,    60-62 

Mueller,  Max 83 

Murison,    R.   G. 

Babylonia  and  Assyria  11 

Kgvpt    11 

Music 81,    89,    93,    94 

Of    temple 142 

Instruments   of. .  142,    165 

Niiaman   159,    162 

Nablua    130 


General  Index. 


215 


Page 

Nabonidua   » 188 

Nabnth    159 

Nadab,  king  of  Israel, 

20,  114,  117 

f  Chart)    120. 
Nahum    19^ 

Book    of... 22,    194,    195 

(Chart)   163. 
Naphtali,   Tribe  of,    86,   109 

(Map)    1. 
Narrative,   The,    defined.      5 

Nathan 95,   97,    144 

Nation    building 72-87 

Nations.    Early,    42,    43,    4o 

(Map)   42. 

Naville,    Dr 63 

Kazareth     19* 

(Map)    199. 
Nebo,     Mount 60 

(Map)   1. 
Nebuchadnezzar,    124, 

128,    179,    180,    187,    188 

As   a  builder.  .  .187,    192 

Necho,   Pharaoh 179 

Negeb    (South  Country), 

48,  90 

(Map)    18. 
Nehemiah,  13,  130,  131,  134 

(Chart)    163.     • 

Book    of 21,    136 

New   Covenant 25,    182 

New    Testament, 

137,    145,    182 

Ai)proach    to 200 

(Map)    199. 
Nineveh 46,  118 

(Maps)  49,  183. 
Nippur 181 

(Map)    183. 
Noah.  .  .33,  40,   43,   52,   152 

(Chart)    44. 
Nob    82 

(Maps)    84,    175. 
Northern   Kingdom. 

See  Israel. 
Numbers,  Book  of... 60,  62 

Obadiah,    court   official, 

158,   160 

The    prophet 194 

Book  of,  22,  194,  197,  198 
(Chart)    163. 
Obedience,    50,    70,    72, 

130,   149,   198 

Oded,   The  prophet 123 

Odes,    74,    76,  86,    195,    198 

Offerings 63,   101 

Oil     102 

Old  Testamemt 3,   5 

T^iterature    7-12 

Outline  of  contents,  15-17 

Chronology     19-22 

Jewish,    dirisions   of..   23 
Septuagiat    version, 

131,   134 
Preparing  for  New- 
Testament    200 

Olivet,    Mount 102 

(Map)    1. 


Pago 
Omri,   20,   22,    114-117,    120 

(Chart)    120. 
Ophel    101 

(Maps)    104,   140. 

Ophrah     75 

Orator    173 

Oriental   research,    3,    9, 

45,    49 

See  also  Inscriptions. 

Ornaments     78 

Othniel 20,    74,    75 

Ottley,  R.  L 176,   197 

History    of    the    He- 
brews     7,    8 

Hebrew  Prophets....  10 
Outline  of  Parts.  ....  15-17 
Overseers..  .102,    108,    109 

Paddan-aram    53 

(Map)    183. 
Pain,    mission   of.  .  .  .36,    53 
Palace   of   Solomon, 

102-104,   109 

(Map)    104.  

Palestine.  .  .  .11,  12,  66-68 
Early  peoples,  67,  70,  129 
Physical  features....  70 
(Map)    18. 

Battlefield    of '^ 

Rivals    for 191 

(Map)    190. 

Paneas    i^-"- 

(Map)    199. 

Parables 144,    149,    181 

Pardon     '^^ 

Passover 123 

Paterson,    J.    A IJ 

Judges    9 

Paton,  L.  B. 

Syria   and   Palestine.  .115 

Patriarchal    age 49,    54 

Paul    and    Jeremiah. ...  179 

Peace-offering    63 

Pekah,   king  of  Israel, 

20,    117,    123,    166 
(Chart)    120. 
Pekahiah,  king  of  Israel, 

20,   117 
(Chart)    120. 

Pella    131 

(Map)    199. 

Peniel    53 

See  also  Penuel. 

Pentateuch    23 

Pentecostal    promise.  .  ..197 

Penuel 53-56,    109,    111 

(Map)    111. 

Perea    1^0 

(Map)    199. 

Perizzites    67 

Persia    129 

(Map)    183. 

Persian    Gulf 46 

(Maps)    35,   183. 
Empire    (Map)    133. 
Period.       See     Jewish 
history. 

Pethuel    197 

Pharaoh    100 

Pharisees    131 


Page 

Philistia    30,    95 

(Map)    18. 
Philistines,    75,    82,    87, 

89,   91,   97,    lOT 

Phoenicia    101,    102 

(Map)    111. 

"Pillars"     112 

Pinches,    T.    G 187 

Pishon    28 

(Map)    35. 

Pithom     59 

(Map)    62. 

Plagues,    in    Egypt 59 

Plain,   cities   of 50,    52 

Of   Esdraelon,    74-77,    148 
(Map)    77. 

Plants  of  Palestine ■"  '  ' 

Plumptre,    E.    H 156 

Poetry,    Hebrew,    137, 

138,  141,  149,  151 
Praise  of  God...  141,  142 
Prayer,   40,   48,   50,    101, 

105.    1.-18 

Precious    stones 102 

Price,   I.    M 45 

Monuments     and     Old 

Testament    9 

Pride    1^6 

Priests    and    priesthood, 

59,  64,  100,  109,  131,  144 
Prophets,    The,    10,     1^., 
22,    23,    81,    85,    103, 
108,     136,     144,     157- 
164,   186,  200. 
(Chart)    163. 
See    also    Hebrew 
Prophets. 
Proverbs,    Book    of,    22, 

144-149 

Providence,    Divine 56 

Psalms,  The,   10,  11,  22, 

129,   136-143 

Ptolemais     131 

(Map)    199. 

Pul  or  Pulu 116 

See    also    Tiglath-Pile- 
ser. 

Queen  of  Sheba, 

101,  105,   106 
(Map)  42. 

Raamses    59 

(Map)   62. 

Rachel     53 

Rainbow    41,    43 

Ramah     82,    83 

(Map)    84. 
Ramoth-gilead    ....115,   161 

(Map)    1. 

Rebekah     , 52 

Reconciliation     63 

Records,    Israelite 69 

Red    Sea 59,    63,    102 

(Maps)    42,   62,   97. 

Redeemer    172 

Redemption,   26,   31-35, 

44,    172 

Reference    books 6-12 

Reforms,   130,   172,   173, 

178,   179 


2l6 


Studies  in  the  Old  Testament. 


Page 
Rehoboam,    20,   21,    107- 

111,    121 

(Map)    111. 

(Charts)    120,    163. 
Religious   spirit   and   de- 
velopment, 41,  50,  97, 

129,    145,   164,    167. 
Remnant,    The   saving, 

159,   173,   198 

Repentance 152,   198 

Rephaira    67 

Restoration,  The,  10,  13, 

21     129 

Resurrection    188,'    192 

Reuben,    Tribe   of .  .60,    109 

(Map)    1. 

Reverence  146 

Revivals,    Religious    and 

national,    70,    71,    73, 

85,    121-126,   169. 
Revolt,      of      northern 

tribes 109 

Rezin    123 

Riddles    144 

Righteousness,     39,     40, 

43,    47,    51,    76,    137, 

146,   165,   169. 

Riis,    Jacob    165 

Robertson,   James 138 

Psalms    11 

Early    Religion   of   Is- 
rael       61 

Robson,  John. 

Jeremiah    10 

Rogers,  R.  W.,  4,  13,  46,  187 

History    of    Babylonia 

and   Assyria 11 

Roman   empire 189 

Period.       See     Jewish 
History. 

Round  numbers 128 

Ruth     78 

Book  of 75-79,   136 

Ryle,  H.  E. 

Early     Narratives     of 
'        Genesis    40 

Saba    101,    105 

Sabbath 24,    26,    29 

Sacrifice,  39,  50,  63,  90, 

91,    94,    123,    176 

Sacrilege    91 

Sadducees    131 

Salmond,   C.  A. 

PJli,    Samuel,    Saul....      9 

Salt 132 

Samaria,   city  of, 

114,    117,    161 
(Map)    111. 

Northern  Israel,    119,   171 
(Map)    199. 

Samaritans    ISO 

Samson,   20,    74,   75,   78, 

79,    144 
(Map)    90. 
Samuel,    9,    13,    20,    73, 

80-90,   94,    107 
(Map)    84. 
Books    of,     80,   129,    164 


Page 

Sarah 47,   50,   52 

Sargon   II, 117,    119 

Satan.      See   Evil    Spirit. 
Saul,   9,   10,   20,   82-95,   107 

(Maps)    77,   84,   90. 

(Chart)    120. 
Sayce,      A.    H.,    19,    26, 

45,   46,   53,   54 

Joseph   and   Egypt...      9 

Monument    Facts 11 

History     of     the     He- 
brews        19 

Higher    Criticism    and 

Monuments     115 

Schools  and  instruction,  122 

Of    the   prophets, 

81,    83,    159-162 
Science     as     related     to 

Bible,     24-29,    31,    34, 

37,    39  41,    155. 
Scott,   C.  A. 

Abraham 9 

Scribes,    The 131 

Scriptures.    See  Bible. 
Scythians.  .  .179,     195,    200 

(Map)    183. 
Scythopolis     131 

(Map)    199. 

"Seer"     81,    85 

Self-sacrifice    127 

Semitic    peoples 67 

(Map)    42. 

Sennacherib   123,  140 

Septuagint,     131,    134,    180 

Service    63 

Seth 38,    40,    43 

Shallum,    king  of   Israel, 

20,    117,    120,    166 

(Chart)    120. 

Shalmaneser    II 116 

Shalmaneser    IV 119 

Shamgar    74 

Sheba,  Queen  of..  101,  105 

(Map)  42. 
Shechem,  47,  53,  56, 

108-111,  114 

(Maps)   1,  49. 
Shemaiah,    The    prophet. 109 

Sheminith     138 

Shephelah 87,    91,    171 

(Map)    18. 

Shepherd  life 166,  169 

"Shibboleth"    86 

Shiloh 80,    82,    110 

(Map)    84. 

Shimei    100 

Ships     102 

Shishak    108,    112 

"Shulammite"    147 

' '  Shunammite' '    147 

Silver    102 

Simeon,    Tribe    of.  .86,    109 

(Map)    1. 
Sin,  31-37,  39,  52,  123,  126 

Offering 63 

Sinai,     Mount,     59,    60, 

110,    158 
(Map)   4. 
Sinaitic    Code 60 


Pag& 
Peninsula 161 

(Map)   4. 
Sinker,  Robert. 

Saul      and      Hebrew 

Monarchy    IQ 

Sisera    74 

Sketch    maps 12-14 

Skinner,    John. 

Between    Testaments.    10 
Smith,  G.  A.,  70,  76.  73, 

167,  197 

Holy  Land 11 

Isaiah 126 

The  Twelve   Prophet8.166 
Social  life  and  truth,  51, 

52,   149 

Sodom     48^ 

Solomon,  10,  20,  95,  97, 
100-108,  110,  111, 
116,  144,  145,  153, 
156. 

(Map)    97. 
(Charts)   120,  163. 
Song     of     Solomon,    22, 

144,    146,    148 

"Sons   of   God" 40,    43 

Soprano 138 

Soul,    responsibility.  ..  .181 
South   Country. 

See   Negeb. 
Southern    Kingdom. 

See    Judah. 
Speech,       Rightly       con- 
trolled   149 

Spiegelberg,   Dr. 

Sojourn      in      ©oshen 
and    the    Exodus.  ..   58 

Spies,    The    66 

Spiritual  life,  6,  44,  46, 

49,   50,  157 
Stanley,    A.    P. 

Jewish  Church 195 

State,    The    129 

Statesmen. 

Samuel    81 

Isaiah 122,    173 

Daniel     186 

Stellar    universe 28 

(Map)    27. 
Stewart,  R.  L. 

Land   of  Israel 11 

Strong,    A.    H 34 

Suffering,    Problem   of.. 153 

Susa 46 

(Map)    183. 

Sycomore  tree 165 

Symbolism,      181,      183, 

189,  196 
Synagogues,  129,  131,  181 
Syria,   114-118,  122,   123, 

159,    189,    191 
(Maps)    111,    190. 

Tabernacle    60,    64 

Tabor,     Mount 74 

(Map)    77. 
Tahpanhes    182 

(Map)   62. 

Tamar    102 

Taxation   102,  107 


General  Index. 


217 


Page 
Tekoa,    144,   165,   166,   168 

(Map)    111. 
Telabib    181,   182 

(Map)    183. 
Tel-elAmarna    letters...    67 

Temperance 146,  149 

Temple,   of  Solomon,   21, 

95,    98,    101-105,    109, 

122. 

Purified    123 

Destroyed    128 

(Map)    104. 

Of  Zerubbabel,  21, 
128,  130,  134,  171, 
196. 

(Map)    140. 

Of    Ezekiel's    vision, 

132,  133 
Temptation,     32,     35-37, 

55,  148 
Ten  Commandments ....  60 
Ten  Tribes,   Pate  of... .117 

See  also  Israel. 
Terry,   M.    S. 

Moses  and  the  Proph- 
ets       60 

Tibni    114 

Tiglath-Pileser  III, 

(Pulu)     116 

Tigris    -8 

(Map)    35. 
Tirzah    109-111 

(Map)    111. 

Tola    74 

Torah,    The    61 

Trees   of   Palestine 105 

Trespass-offering    63 

Tribes    of    Israel 53 

Territory    of 68-70 

(Map)    1. 

Confederacies    ....86,   87 
Trumbull,   H.   C 63 

Jonah   in   Nineveh. .  ..198 

Trumpets    138 

Truth    146 

Tunes,  in  temple  music. 138 
Types     in      Old     Testa- 
ment     53-56 

Tyre,     101,    102,    181,    184 

(Map)    111. 

Unity  of  Israel,    76,    78, 

80,   86,   87 

Upham,    Warten 19 

Ur 46,  49,  50 

(Maps)  35,  49. 


Page 

Urartu    43 

(Map)    183. 
Ussher's  chronology,  19- 

21,    40 

Uz    152 

(Map)    111. 
Uzziah,    SI,     116,     120, 

122-124,    173 
(Charts)   120,  163. 

Van,  Lake   43 

(Map). 
Van  Dyke,  Henry. 

Gospel      for     Age     of 
Doubt 32 

Story   of   Psalms 137 

Vessels  of  temple 187 

Visions    181 

Vow  of  Jephthah 77 

"Wade,   G.  W. 

Old     Testament     His- 
tory      116 

Wagner,    Charles 165 

Walker,   William. 

Kings  of  Israel 10 

Wallace,    A.    R 27,    28 

Man's    Place    in     the 

Universe 27 

Walls       of       Jerusalem, 

102,    130 
(Maps)   104,  140. 
Wanderings     of     Israel- 
ites     19,   60,   68 

Warren,    Charles 101 

Water   Gate,    The 134 

(Map)    140. 

Weapons 91 

West-land,    The 116 

Wheat    59,   102 

Whitehouse,   O.   C 25 

Wilderness     of     Judea, 

166,    169 
(Map)   18. 
Wilkin,    G.   P. 

Control  in  Evolution.    34 

Wilson,    C.    W 101 

Winning   souls 54,    192 

Winterbotham,   Rayner. 

Solomon    10 

Wisdom,   literature,   102, 

10,   22,    136,    144149 

Witch  of  Endor 89,    90 

Women,  in  Old  Testa- 
ment, 29,  39,  48,  102, 
105,  128,  144,  150, 
167,  173,  176. 


Page 
Worcester,  E.  0. 

Genesis  in  the  Light 
of  Modern  Knowl- 
edge        29 

World,    creation  of... 23-28 

Conflict   with 189 

Worship,  True,  40,  48, 

50,    68 

False    109,   113 

Writings,   The,   23,    136, 

180,   186 


Youth,  self-control,   188, 

190,   193 


Zachariah      (Zechariah) 

king     of     Israel,     20, 

117,   120. 

(Chart)    120. 

Zadok    100 

Zarephath    158,   161 

(Map)    111. 
Zebulun,   Tribe  of..  86,   109 

(Map)   1. 
Zechariah,   The  prophet, 

130,    195 

Book  of,  22,  194,  196, 

198,  200 

(Chart)    163. 
Zedekiah,    king    of    Ju- 

dah 21,   124,  180 

(Charts)   120,  163. 

Zenos,   A.   C 25 

Zephaniah 195,  198 

Book  of,  22,  194,  195,  198 

(Chart)    163. 

Zerah   (Osorkon  II) 122 

Zerubbabel,  21,  128,  130, 

134,  196 

(Chart)    163. 
Ziklag    91,   95 

(Map)   90. 
Zimri,     king    of     Israel, 

20,    114,    117,   120 

(Chart)    120. 
Zion    101 

(Map)   104. 
Ziph    91 

(Map)  90. 
Zoan 49,  55,  100 

(Maps)    49,    62. 
Zophar    151 


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